基于生态系统的海洋综合管理研究 ——以美国大沼泽湿地项目为例

基于生态系统的海洋综合管理是海洋管理的新理念和新模式,其倡导从海洋生态系统角度开展环境资源保护,并以促进海洋生态系统与人类开发活动的协调可持续发展为终极目标。美国大沼泽湿地项目是基于生态系统的海洋综合管理的经典范例。基于生态系统的海洋综合管理的核心理念是将整个生态系统纳入海洋综合管理范畴,颠覆传统的单一对象保护理念,实现海洋生态保护与人类生存发展协调可持续。美国大沼泽湿地项目采用了基于生态系统的海洋综合管理理念,将整个大沼泽湿地视为一个整体生态系统,实现联邦政府、州政府和社会组织协作,合力促进大沼泽湿地的绿色生态可持续发展。美国大沼泽湿地项目全面贯彻基于生态系统的海洋综合管理理念,采用联合管理模式,重视水资源环境治理取得一定成效,但也暴露出管理模式有待改进、公众宣传参与不到位、区域间联系不紧密等问题。     

基于Polar WRF的南极Dome A极端低温事件分析

南极作为地球的寒极, 其最高点Dome A地区于2013年8月1日气温达到-93.0 ℃的极低值。利用Polar Weather Research and Forecasting （Polar WRF） 3.8.1模式, 对发生在南极Dome A地区的3次极端低温事件进行数值模拟分析。通过与自动气象站实测数据对比验证, 模拟效果较为理想。结果表明： 印度洋和大西洋交界区域的高压加强, 其高压脊开始向南极内陆延伸, 导致Dome A地区气压升高, 使得该地区天气晴好, 云量极低, 为极端低温事件发生奠定基础; 同时, 南极中心冷涡加强, 长时间的冷平流和稳定的逆温层为Dome A地区提供了足够的降温条件, 并且加强了夜间辐射降温效应, 稳定的垂直场、 极低的向下长波辐射使得Dome A地区的极端低温事件得以维持。     

Spatial distribution and deposition history of nonylphenol and bisphenol A in sediments from the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) Estuary and its adjacent East China Sea

Nonylphenol(NP) and bisphenol A(BPA) are endocrine disruptors causing harmful effects including feminization and carcinogenesis to various organisms,and consequently,their contamination in natural environment has received wide concerns.This study reports the distribution characteristics of NP and BPA in surface sediments and their deposition history based on a dated sediment core in the Changjiang River(Yangtze River) Estuary and its adjacent East China Sea.The contents of NP and BPA in surface sediments ranged from 1.56-35.8 and 0.72-13.2 ng/g(dry mass),respectively,with high values recorded in the two mud zones,the Changjiang River Estuarine Mud Zone and the Zhejiang Coastal Mud Zone.High values in the Zhejiang Coastal Mud Zone suggest the possibility of long distance transport of both contaminants through the Changjiang riverine plume.The contents were not correlated with the distance from the pollution source,indicating other factors including particle deposition rate and sediment grain size obviously affecting the distribution pattern.NP was also detected in a sediment core at layers deposited from the year of 1971 to 2001 with contents of up to 20.9 ng/g(dry mass).The deposition fluxes of NP varied from 0.68 to 17.9 ng/(cm2 · a) with peaks and valleys reflecting the traces of economic development history in China during the previous three decades.BPA was detected at sediment layers deposited from 1973 to 2001 with contents of up to 3.66 ng/g.The fluxes of BPA varied from 0.62 to 3.13 ng/(cm2 · a) showing a similar pattern as NP.The contents of NP and BPA also indicated potential risks on benthic organisms in the study area.     

Distribution of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in Ny-Alesund of the Arctic

Sediment, moss and animal-dropping samples were collected from pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the Arctic area. OCPs and PCBs were analyzed using the capillary gas chromatography (GC-ECD). Recoveries of three surrogates were at a range of 69.5～92.2% (mean: 78.8%), 75.1～112.1% (98.5%) and 67.7～95.1% (79.5%), and the relative standard deviations were 6.7%, 8.0% and 11.3%, respectively. The major monomers of OCPs were hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and DDTs. Their concentrations were at a range of 0.86～4.50 ng/g (mean: 2.24 ng/g) and 0.22～1.09 ng/g (mean: 0.55 ng/g). The concentrations of PCBs were 0.20～3.25 ng/g (mean: 0.84 ng/g) and the major congeners were tetra-, penta-, and hexa-PCBs, which were up to 23.8%、26.7% and 32.3% of total PCBs, respectively. Based on the results of the ratio analysis and the principal component analysis, the atmospheric transport is believed be one     

基于FLASH的湛江虚拟旅游全景漫游与导航系统

探讨了基于FLASH的湛江虚拟旅游网上导航与全景漫游系统的构建以及各项关键技术,设计并实现了基于PV3D的全景浏览器,提出了基于Flash的旅游交通导航机制,对经典的A*算法作了改进,能够在网页上快速地计算出任意两个景点之间的最短路径,从而为自架车游客提供了最短路径导航服务;开发了管理维护性后台,对全景漫游、自驾车导航和公交车导航模块提供有效的增加、修改,删除信息。实际应用表明,该系统具有很好的跨平台、免插件、高效、扩展性和维护性。     

Tracing of deeply-buried source rock: A case study of the WC9-2 petroleum pool in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea

The identification of a deeply-buried petroleum-source rock, owing to the difficulty in sample collection, has become a difficult task for establishing its relationship with discovered petroleum pools and evaluating its exploration potential in a petroleum-bearing basin. This paper proposes an approach to trace a deeply-buried source rock. The essential points include: determination of the petroleum-charging time of a reservoir, reconstruction of the petroleum generation history of its possible source rocks, establishment of the spatial connection between the source rocks and the reservoir over its geological history, identification of its effective source rock and the petroleum system from source to trap, and evaluation of petroleum potential from the deeply-buried source rock. A case study of the W9-2 petroleum pool in the Wenchang A sag of the Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea was conducted using this approach. The W9-2 reservoir produces condensate oil and gas, sourced from deeply-buried source rocks. The reservoir consists of a few sets of sandstone in the Zhuhai Formation, and the possible source rocks include an early Oligocene Enping Formation mudstone and a late Eocene Wenchang Formation mudstone, with a current burial depth from 5000 to 9000 m. The fluid inclusion data from the reservoir rock indicate the oil and the gas charged the reservoir about 18–3.5 Ma and after 4.5 Ma, respectively. The kinetic modeling results show that the main stages of oil generation of the Wenchang mudstone and the Enping mudstone occurred during 28–20 Ma and 20–12 Ma, respectively, and that the δ¹³C₁ value of the gas generated from the Enping mudstone has a better match with that of the reservoir gas than the gas from the Wenchang mudstone. Results from a 2D basin modeling further indicate that the petroleum from the Enping mudstone migrated upward along the well-developed syn-sedimentary faults in the central area of the sag into the reservoir, but that the petroleum from the Wenchang mudstone migrated laterally first toward the marginal faults of the sag and then migrated upward along the faults into shallow strata. The present results suggest that the trap structure in the central area of the sag is a favorable place for the accumulation of the Enping mudstone-derived petroleum, and that the Wenchang mudstone-derived petroleum would have a contribution to the structures along the deep faults as well as in the uplifted area around the sag.     

我国远洋渔业企业对外直接投资研究

我国远洋渔业事业正式起步于1985年3月10日,经过30多年的发展,已取得长足进步。通过设立功能性海外机构,我国远洋渔业企业的海外业务得到顺利开展。借助计量回归分析,笔者发现我国远洋渔业外直接投资,以资源为导向。在"一带一路"政策的大背景下,我国远洋渔业企业海外市场将进一步开拓。伴随国际竞争的加剧,兼并与收购将成为远洋渔业企业海外拓展的主要方式;在跨国经营时,我国远洋渔业企业要遵守我国和当地的法律法规,尊重当地文化,正确处理好中外籍员工关系,建议设立可为多家企业同时提供服务的共享性基地。     

The first geodetic investigation at the summit of Dome A,Antarctica

Dome A is the highest ice feature in the Antarctica,up to now,little is known about surface topography at Dome A.The first Chinese ITASE expedition was carried out from Zhongshan station to Dome A during the 1996/1997 austral summer. During the 2004/2005 austral summer,the traverse was extended to the summit of Dome A which is 1228 km from Zhongshan Station by 21st Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE).The real-time kinematic (RTK) GPS survey was carried out in the summit of Dome A dur...     

海洋二号卫星微波散射计后向散射系数业务化面元匹配算法

本文提出了一种可业务化运行的海洋二号卫星散射计面元匹配方法,该算法主要用于将按时序排列的后向散射系数及相关参数投影到相应风矢量单元。面元匹配方法主要包括地面网格划分和后向散射系数观测结果重采样两个关键步骤。为简化计算,本文采用了以星下点轨迹为中心,以顺轨向及交轨向为坐标轴的地面网格划分方式。在重采样过程中,本文提出了一种“三点标定”重采样方法,利用观测脉冲的地面足印中心,星下点轨迹的起点,以及过地面足印中心做星下点轨迹垂线的交点,三点形成的直角三角形来计算每个后向散射系数观测结果在地面网格中对应的坐标。该直角三角形的两直角边分别对应观测脉冲在顺轨向和交轨向的坐标。同时,为减少由于星下点数据空间分布不连续引起的面元匹配误差,在采用三点标定法进行重采样之前,首先对星下点时空分布不连续的区域对时间插值,然后以时间为坐标,对星下点经度、纬度分别进行内插。对风矢量面元位置分布和风矢量反演精度等分析表明,本文提出的面元匹配算法,可在满足高质量海面风场反演的要求。     

火腿伪镖水蚤对抑食金球藻中国株的摄食行为及摄食后的表现

全球河口海域屡屡爆发褐潮,但我们对致因种抑食金球藻和浮游桡足类之间的营养关系还不甚清楚。我们就浮游桡足类火腿伪镖水蚤摄食抑食金球藻中国株的单种或混合饵料时的摄食行为和生长、发育等表现进行了研究。研究发现：火腿伪镖水蚤的无节幼体、桡足幼体和成体摄食单种抑食金球藻饵料时,摄食率和食物浓度之间的关系符合米氏方程。较之桡足类幼体和成体,无节幼体摄食抑食金球藻时的I_max（最大摄食率）值最大,同时大于其摄食中肋骨条藻的I_max值。通常情况下,火腿伪镖水蚤在摄食抑食金球藻和中肋骨条藻的混合饵料时避食抑食金球藻,但于无节幼体,这种情况并不明显。无节幼体摄食单种抑食金球藻饵料在无节幼体期末期死亡,无法进入桡足类幼体期,与饥饿状态下的个体相似。但是,饵料中抑食金球藻的存在对桡足幼体的生长无明显效应,但却极大地减少了成体的生殖率。我们的研究表明火腿伪镖水蚤无节幼体,在褐潮的控制中有潜在作用,然而,这种潜在控制作用由于桡足类种群的衰落难以持续。