弧度测量子午线弧长随纬度的变化规律问题

由于地球是弹滞体,根据牛顿理论,由于地球的自转作用,地球应该呈扁椭球状。18世纪,法国科学院派遣了两支测量队分赴拉普兰和秘鲁对地球的子午线弧长进行了实测,最终证实了地球是扁椭球。本文分别讨论了子午弧长随地心、大地、归化纬度的变化规律,数值计算结果表明:以大地纬度和归化纬度而论.1°子午线弧长随着纬度的增大而逐渐变长;但以地心纬度而论,1°子午线弧长随着纬度的增大而逐渐变短。     

Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonics of the Møre Trøndelag Fault Complex,central Norway: constraints from new apatite fission track data

The Møre Trøndelag Fault Complex (MTFC) of central Norway is a long-lived structural zone whose tectonic history included dextral strike slip, sinistral strike slip, and vertical offset. Determination of an offset history for the MTFC is complicated by the lack of well preserved stratigraphic markers. However, low temperature apatite fission track (AFT) thermochronology offers important new clues by allowing the determination of exhumation histories for individual fault blocks presently exposed within the MTFC area. Previously published AFT data from crystalline basement in and near the MTFC suggest the region has a complicated pattern of exhumation. We present new AFT data from a NW–SE transect perpendicular to the principal structural grain of the MTFC. FT analyses of 15 apatite samples yielded apparent ages between 90 and 300 Ma, with mean FT length ranging from 11.8 to 13.5 μm. Thermal models based upon the age and track length data show the MTFC is comprised by multiple structural blocks with individual exhumation histories that are discrete at the 2σ confidence level. Thermal modeling of the AFT data indicates exhumation progressed from west to east, and that the final juxtaposition and exhumation of the innermost blocks took place during Cretaceous or Tertiary (possibly Neogene) time. We suggest that least some of the fracture lineaments of central Norway were re-activated during Mesozoic extension and the opening of the Norwegian sea, and may have remained active into the Cenozoic.     

河流相砂体识别预测及古气候响应: 以渤中坳陷石南地区明下段为例

河流相砂体的识别预测及其发育演化对古气候变化的响应是当前河流相沉积研究的热点。基于地震沉积学方法,采用三步走的河流相砂体识别预测方法(井震结合建格架→90°相位调整标岩性→切片属性辨砂体),在渤海湾盆地渤中坳陷石臼坨凸起南部(石南)新近系明化镇组下段(简称“明下段”)识别出了顺直和蜿蜒河道砂、河道—堤坝复合体、点砂坝、河口坝、牛轭湖和决口扇6种河流相砂体。依据明下段泥岩颜色,结合藻类种属记录和孢粉记录分析,认为石南地区明下段沉积早期到中期经历了干湿交替→湿润主导的湿润化气候演变; 而明下段沉积中期到晚期经历了湿润主导→干旱主导的干旱化气候演变。润湿化气候演变使得明下段沉积中期河流相砂体宽度和单层厚度减小、弯曲度增大,且带状孤立河道砂体更发育; 而干旱化气候演变使得明下段沉积晚期流相砂体宽度和单层厚度增大、弯曲度减小,且带状河道—溢岸复合带和河口坝砂更发育。研究成果可为其他断陷盆地河流相砂体识别、预测提供参考,对指导构造活动相对较弱的湖盆萎缩期油气勘探实践具有一定的实践价值。     

Basin‐scale thermal and fluid flow histories revealed by carbonate clumped isotopes (Δ47) – Middle Jurassic carbonates of the Paris Basin depocentre

The reconstruction of past diagenetic conditions in sedimentary basins is often under‐constrained. This results from both the analytical challenge of performing the required analyses on the minute sample amounts available from diagenetic mineral phases and the lack of tracers for some of the diagenetic parameters. The carbonate clumped isotope thermometry (Δ₄₇) opens new perspectives for unravelling the temperatures of diagenetic phases together with the source of their parent fluids, two parameters that are otherwise impossible to constrain in the absence of exploitable fluid inclusions. Here is reported the study of a large number of sedimentary and diagenetic carbonate phases (from Middle Jurassic reservoirs of the Paris Basin depocentre) by combining detailed petrographic observations with a large number of Δ₄₇ data (n  > 45) on a well‐documented paragenetic sequence, including calcite and dolomite burial cements. The data reveal carbonate crystallization at temperatures between 29°C and 98°C from fluids with δ ¹⁸O_water values between −7‰ and +2‰, in response to the progressive burial and uplift of the Paris Basin, throughout 165 Myr of basin evolution. Coupled with the time–temperature evolution previously estimated from thermal maturity modelling, these temperatures allow determining the timing of four successive cementation episodes. The overall data set indicates a history of complex water mixing with a significant contribution of hypersaline waters from the Triassic aquifers migrated upward along faults during the Cretaceous subsidence of the basin. Subsequent large‐scale infiltrations of meteoric waters induced a dilution of these pre‐existing brines in response to the Paris Basin uplift in the Tertiary. Overall, the data presented here allow proposing an integrated approach to characterize the cementation events affecting the studied carbonate reservoir units, based on temperature, oxygen isotope composition and salinity of the parent fluids as well as on petrographic grounds.     

沉积地质学发展新航程——地震沉积学

地震沉积学是在地震地层学和层序地层学基础上发展起来的、沉积地质学与地球物理学相互交叉的新兴学科,在刻画薄层砂体、表征储集层和预测岩性圈闭等方面发挥了重要作用。在表述地震沉积学发展简史的基础上,介绍了地震沉积学的基本概念、基本原理和主要研究流程;在建立精细层序地层格架基础上,重点阐述了90°相移、分频处理与频谱分解、属性优选、地层切片、地球物理反演、地震岩性解释和RGB(红色、绿色、蓝色)地震属性融合等地震沉积学关键技术以及地震沉积相实例分析。认为中国地震沉积学应该围绕不同类型沉积盆地开展油气勘探阶段地震地貌学(地震沉积相模式)和复杂(多样)地震岩性学综合研究,在油气开发阶段,充分利用RGB地震属性融合等多种地球物理方法技术,开展多种成因类型砂体构型和储集层定量表征研究。综合研究表明,地震沉积学是沉积地质学发展的新航程。     

Utilization of carbon sources in a northern Brazilian mangrove ecosystem

Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (¹³C and ¹⁵N) and trophic level (TL) estimates based on stomach content analysis and published data were used to assess the contribution of autotrophic sources to 55 consumers in an intertidal mangrove creek of the Curuçá estuary, northern Brazil. Primary producers showed δ¹³C signatures ranging between −29.2 and −19.5‰ and δ¹⁵N from 3.0 to 6.3‰. The wide range of the isotopic composition of carbon of consumers (−28.6 to −17.1‰) indicated that different autotrophic sources are important in the intertidal mangrove food webs. Food web segregation structures the ecosystem into three relatively distinct food webs: (i) mangrove food web, where vascular plants contribute directly or indirectly via POM to the most ¹³C-depleted consumers (e.g. Ucides cordatus and zooplanktivorous food chains); (ii) algal food web, where benthic algae are eaten directly by consumers (e.g. Uca maracoani, mullets, polychaetes, several fishes); (iii) mixed food web where the consumers use the carbon from different primary sources (mainly benthivorous fishes). An IsoError mixing model was used to determine the contributions of primary sources to consumers, based on δ¹³C values. Model outputs were very sensitive to the magnitude of trophic isotope fractionation and to the variability in ¹³C data. Nevertheless, the simplification of the system by a priori aggregation of primary producers allowed interpretable results for several taxa, revealing the segregation into different food webs.     

90°相位转换技术在黄河口凹陷新近系储层预测中的应用

90°相位转换技术是通过地震相位旋转90°,使地震反射的主要同相轴与地质上的岩层对应,从而使地震相位具有岩性地层意义。该技术具有运算速度快、完全尊重原始地震资料,无需井资料和模型的约束等特点,尤其适合海上少井或无井条件下的储层研究。90°相位转换技术在渤海黄河口凹陷新近系油田的储层研究中取得了良好的应用效果,提高了储层的研究精度,尤其是薄层的可解释性。在相似地质背景条件下,该技术具有广泛的应用前景。     

90°相位转换技术在预测砂体展布中的应用

以黄河口凹陷西洼沙河街二段为例,对研究区地震剖面进行90°相位转换,根据转换后的剖面岩性特征及地质背景概况建立地质模型,进行正演模拟分析;然后对比零相位与90°相位的正演合成记录,校准地质模型,并依据地震剖面振幅属性特征,对相位转换后的地震剖面进行属性提取,预测砂体的展布.研究发现,基于90°相位转换地震剖面建立的地质模型更具直观性,正演合成记录验证砂岩恰好对应于波谷,波形能清晰地展示出砂岩层的纵向轮廓,并且90°相位转换的地震波谷振幅值属性平面图能清晰显示出砂体的平面展布及分布范围.     

夏末秋初南海18°N断面混合层结构特征分析

基于2004-2012年8-9月份南海北部开放航次期间18°N断面的温盐深仪(Conductance Temperature Depth,CTD)观测资料,分析了夏末秋初沿18°N断面的温度、盐度和混合层结构特征及其影响因素。研究发现:南海18°N断面的温度、盐度和混合层特征具有显著的年际变化,并且混合层的深度和其倾斜程度与风速及风驱动的Ekman平流有关,而所有航次18°N断面东侧均出现等温线、等盐线下凹现象,这与夏末秋初吕宋岛西侧海域存在一个反气旋式涡旋活动有关。