A comparison of measured 137Cs and excess 210Pb levels in the cultivated brown and cinnamon soils of the Yimeng Mountain area

This contribution analyzes the similarities and differences between the measured activities of 137Cs and excess 210pb （210Pbex） in the cultivated brown and cinnamon soils of the Yimeng Mountain area, discusses the influ- ence of soil texture on the measurement of 210Pbex, and presents differences between the two types of soils. Fields A and B were selected to represent the fields that contain cultivated brown and cinnamon soils, respectively. From either study field, one site of sectioned core and six bulk cores were collected to measure 137Cs levels, 210Pbex levels, and the particle-size composition of soil samples. Three undisturbed soil samples were collected to measure capillary and aeration porosities. The 137Cs inventories for the two study fields are very similar. The 137Cs is a man-made ra- dionuclide, which means that its measured levels for soils are unaffected by soil texture. In contrast, levels of the naturally occurring 210Pbex of soils from Field A were lower than those of Field B by about 50%. In contrast to aquatic sediments, levels of 210Pbex in terrestrial surface soils are affected by the emanation of 222Rn from the soils. It can be assumed that the coarser the soils, the greater the emanation of 222Rn; in addition, the lower the measured 210pbex, the greater the underestimate of this value. The cultivated brown soils in Field A are coarser than the culti- vated cinnamon soils in Field B. As a result, 222Rn in Field A will diffuse more easily into the atmosphere than that in Field B. As a consequence, the measured 210pbex in soils from Field A is much lower than the actual value, whereas the value measured for Field B is much closer to the actual value.     

新疆北山210金矿床断裂构造控矿作用及成因机制

210金矿床位于新-甘边界地区哈密市境内,大地构造背景位于哈萨克斯坦-准噶尔板块与塔里木板块交汇部位东北缘的北山裂谷。断裂构造是矿床内最为重要的控矿因素。F210韧脆性剪切断裂带为矿床内的主干断裂,由该断裂张性破裂发育的逆冲断裂破碎带为210金矿床的直接控矿构造,控制了蚀变岩型金矿化的发育,由逆冲剪切产生的叠瓦式逆断层不含矿,而近NS向缓倾斜构造控制了210金矿床石英脉型矿化的发育。并运用里德尔剪切理论对逆冲断裂带控矿构造成因机制进行了分析。     

干旱荒漠区隐伏金矿覆盖层中金的分布与迁移：以新疆金窝子金矿田210金矿带为例

以新疆金窝子金矿田210金矿带为例,实验研究了该区地气和土壤活动态测量等深穿透地球化学方法的效果。实验表明地气测量和土壤活动态测量可以有效地反映覆盖层下隐伏矿体。揭露矿体覆盖层的钻孔研究表明,金活动态形式具有“C”型分布特征。采集矿体上方地表异常位置土壤孔隙中地气、土壤样品,使用透射电子显微镜(TEM)实测样品中微粒物质的粒径、形貌和成分,在地气和土壤中观测到了Au-Cu、Au-Bi成矿元素纳米微粒,此微粒是形成地表深穿透地球化学异常的物质,来源于覆盖层下隐伏矿体。微粒到达地表,可以形成地气和土壤活动态异常。纳米微粒具有可从土壤颗粒表面分离的性质,在其向上迁移过程中,可以从吸附固定状态解吸,此性质可以用于解释活动态异常在钻孔垂直剖面上的“C”型分布。     

胡安·德富卡洋中脊富锌烟囱体流体通道演化特征

对采自Faulty Towers(47°57.447'N,129°6.568'W)硫化物烟囱群一个不再活动的烟囱体硫化物开展了详细的矿物学和地球化学研究。样品从外壁往内壁方向可划分为4个矿物组合带,分别为重晶石-无定形硅-铁氧羟化物带;白铁矿-黄铁矿-无定形硅-重晶石带;白铁矿-黄铁矿-闪锌矿-纤锌矿带;纤锌矿-黄铜矿-白铁矿带。从底部到顶部,样品通道形态主要有3种:不规则、不连续的多通道;椭圆形单通道;封闭的通道。矿物学研究证实,烟囱体以低温矿物组合白铁矿、纤锌矿为主,高温矿物黄铜矿少见,仅局限分布在流体通道附近。210Pb定年结果表明,烟囱壁形成经历较短时间(约3 a),而通道的闭合则经历了相对长的过程(约17 a)。结合矿物学研究,最终恢复了整个尖塔结构的生长历史。     

137Cs and 210Pbex as soil erosion tracers in the hilly Sichuan Basin and the Three Gorges area of China

Accelerated soil erosion and land degradation represent major environmental problems for agricultural lands.Reliable information on the rates of soil loss is urgently needed.The traditional techniques for documenting rates of soil loss may meet this need,but face many limitations.The fallout radionuclides,especially 137 Cs and 210 Pb ex,are increasingly used as effective tracers to quantify soil erosion rates,and they represent a valuable complement to the existing classical methods.This paper aims to introduce the basis for assessing soil erosion rates on cultivated and uncultivated slopes by using 137 Cs and 210 Pb ex measurements,to compare the 137 Cs and 210 Pb ex reference inventories,and to report several case studies undertaken in the hilly area of Sichuan Basin and the Three Gorges area of China.     

Establishing Holocene sediment core chronologies for northern Ungava lakes, Canada, using humic acids (AMS C) and Pb

The absence of datable macrofossils in six sediment cores recovered from northern Ungava (Canada) lakes constituted a major challenge for the establishment of reliable lacustrine chronologies for the Holocene. Consequently, AMS radiocarbon dating of humic acids was used to assess age–depth in the cores. The reliability of the radiocarbon results near some of the core tops was evaluated through ²¹⁰Pb dating. The offset of sediment radiocarbon ages with their most probable time of formation and deposition in the lakes was found to be in the order of about 1000 years for recently deposited sediments. However, the basal dates in one core covering the entire postglacial period yielded a remarkable fit with previously established dates performed on marine shells at the maximum marine limit. Hence, the aim of this study was to describe how the two dating methods can be combined to address some of the problems paleolimnologists face when trying to assign ages to high-latitude lake sediment records. Suggestions are made for improving the quality of age–depth models developed in future studies for northernmost Québec and other comparable regions where paleolimnologists must deal with the combined challenges of very slow sediment accumulation rates in lakes, an extreme paucity of datable material and the sequestration of old carbon in the watersheds.     

Mercury contamination history of an estuarine floodplain reconstructed from a Pb-dated sediment core (Berg River, South Africa)

Mercury deposition histories have been scarcely documented in the southern hemisphere. A sediment core was collected from the ecologically important estuarine floodplain of the Berg River (South Africa). We establish the concentration of Hg in this ²¹⁰Pb-dated sediment core at <50 ng g⁻¹ Hg_T throughout the core, but with 1.3 ng g⁻¹ methylmercury in surface sediments. The ²¹⁰Pb dating of the core provides a first record of mercury deposition to the site and reveals the onset of enhanced mercury deposition in 1970. The ratio of methylmercury to total mercury is relatively high in these sediments when compared to other wetlands.     

Floodplain development in an engineered setting

Engineered flood bypasses, or simplified conveyance floodplains, are natural laboratories in which to observe floodplain development and therefore present an opportunity to assess delivery to and sedimentation within a specific class of floodplain. The effects of floods in the Sacramento River basin were investigated by analyzing hydrograph characteristics, estimating event‐based sediment discharges and reach erosion/deposition through its bypass system and observing sedimentation patterns with field data. Sediment routing for a large, iconic flood suggests high rates of sedimentation in major bypasses, which is corroborated by data for one bypass area from sedimentation pads, floodplain cores and sediment removal reporting from a government agency. These indicate a consistent spatial pattern of high sediment accumulation both upstream and downstream of lateral flow diversions and negligible sedimentation in a ‘hydraulic shadow’ directly downstream of a diversion weir. The pads located downstream of the shadow recorded several centimeters of deposition during a moderate flood in 2006, increasing downstream to a peak of ～10 cm thick and thinning rapidly thereafter. Flood deposits in the sediment cores agree with this spatial pattern, containing discrete sedimentation layers (from preceding floods) that increase in thickness with distance downstream of the bypass entrance to several decimeters thick at the peak and then thin downstream. These patterns suggest that a quasi‐natural physical process of levee construction by advective overbank transport and deposition of sediment is operating. The results improve understanding of the evolution of bypass flood control structures, the transport and deposition of sediment within these environments and the evolution of one class of natural levee systems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄海和渤海沉积物 210Pb活度的分布特征

利用α多道能谱仪测定了黄海和渤海海域 58个表层沉积物样品的 210Pb活度,探讨了黄海和渤海表层沉积物中 210Pb活度的空间分布特征.渤海中部、北黄海中部泥质沉积区和南黄海中部泥质沉积区是 210Pb活度的高值区.渤海湾内、莱州湾内及北黄海西南部沿岸海域则是 210Pb活度的低值区.黄海和渤海海区 210Pb的富集、分布特征受到研究海区水动力条件和沉积物粒级的制约.根据位于黄海和渤海泥质沉积区的 3个岩芯 210Pb活度的垂直分布资料,并结合 2个站位所取岩芯的 210Pb活度的垂直分布资料,探讨了 210Pb活度的垂直分布与沉积环境之间的关系.黄海和渤海 210Pb活度呈现高值的泥质沉积区,其 210Pb活度随岩芯深度衰减的垂直分布很有规律且沉积速率较低,由此可以反映泥质沉积区稳定的沉积环境.