Sediment accumulation of Dianchi Lake determined by 137Cs dating

The water quality of Dianchi Lake declines quickly and the eutrophication is getting serious. To identify the internal pollution load of Dianchi Lake it is necessary to evaluate its sediment accumulation. Sedimentation rates of Dianchi Lake are determined by ¹³⁷Cs dating. However, ¹³⁷Cs vertical distribution in sediment cores of Dianchi Lake has special characteristics because Dianchi Lake is located on the southeast of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Kunming quasi-stationary front is over the borders of Yunnan and Guizhou where the specific precipitation is distributed. Besides 1954, 1963 and 1986 ¹³⁷Cs marks can be determined in sediment cores, a ¹³⁷Cs mark of 1976 representing the major period of ¹³⁷Cs released from China unclear test can be determined and used for an auxiliary dating mark. Meanwhile Dianchi Lake is divided into seven sections based on the water depth, basin topography, hydrological features and supplies of silt and the lakebed area of each section is calculated. The mean annual sedimentation rates for seven sections are 0.0810, 0.1352, 0.1457, 0.1333, 0.0904, 0.1267 and 0.1023 g/cm²a in 1963–2003, respectively. The gross sediment accumulation of the lake is 26.18×10⁴ t/a in recent 17 years and 39.86×10⁴ t/a in recent 50 years. Foundation: National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40771186; The Key Project of the State Key Laboratory of Soil Sustainable Agriculture, Nanjing Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.5022505 Author: Zhang Yan (1962–), Ph.D and Associate Professor, specialized in environmental change.     

Sediment accumulation of Dianchi Lake determined by 137Cs dating

The water quality of Dianchi Lake declines quickly and the eutrophication is getting serious. To identify the internal pollution load of Dianchi Lake it is necessary to evaluate its sediment accumulation. Sedimentation rates of Dianchi Lake are determined by 137Cs dating. However, 137Cs vertical distribution in sediment cores of Dianchi Lake has special characteristics because Dianchi Lake is located on the southeast of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Kunming quasi-stationary front is over the borders of Yunnan and Guizhou where the specific precipitation is distributed. Besides 1954, 1963 and 1986 137Cs marks can be determined in sediment cores, a 137Cs mark of 1976 representing the major period of 137Cs released from China unclear test can be determined and used for an auxiliary dating mark. Meanwhile Dianchi Lake is divided into seven sections based on the water depth, basin topography, hydrological features and supplies of silt and the lakebed area of each section is calculated. The mean annual sedimentation rates for seven sections are 0.0810, 0.1352, 0.1457, 0.1333, 0.0904, 0.1267 and 0.1023 g/cm2a in 1963–2003, respectively. The gross sediment accumulation of the lake is 26.18×104 t/a in recent 17 years and 39.86×104 t/a in recent 50 years.     

大亚湾不同介质中137Cs和90Sr的含量及行为特征

分别用ＨＰＧｅγ谱方法和放化分离β计数方法测量了大亚湾海水、沉积物和海洋生物样品的人工放射性核素＾１３７Ｃｓ和＾９０Ｓｒ。计算了海洋生物对＾１３７Ｃｓ和＾９０Ｓｒ的浓集因子及其在沉积物和海水中的分配系数,对＾１３７Ｃｓ和＾９０Ｓｒ的含量水平,＾１３７Ｃｓ和＾９０Ｓｒ及其与样品中天然放射性核素含量相关性,海洋生物对＾１３７Ｃｓ和＾９０Ｓｒ的浓集,以及＾１３７Ｃｓ和＾９０Ｓｒ的地球化学进行了讨论。     

137Cs在滇西与黔中地区散落的差异——青藏隆起对滇西地区全球性扩散大气污染物散落屏蔽效应的推断

云贵高原是青藏隆起在南亚大陆形成的一个海拔梯度大、地势格局复杂的特异环境单元.该地域兼受东南季风与西南季风的交汇影响,是全球变化的敏感区之一.青藏隆起对云贵高原现代环境影响主要表现在1)全球性大气扩散污染物的屏蔽效应和局地性大气扩散污染物的滞留效应;2)区域化学风化的增强效应和物理侵蚀的梯级效应;3)地表环境地球化学过程的低纬度-高海拔效应.核素示踪模式分析表明滇西与黔中地区之间137Cs自大气散落差异明显[1986年以前,洱海和红枫湖沉积物中137Cs散落的累计值分别为(0.11±0.01)Bq/cm2及(0.37±0.01)Bq/cm2],而7Be的散落相近.这说明青藏隆起对滇西地区存在全球性扩散大气污染物散落的屏蔽效应.     

贵州茂兰峰丛草地洼地小流域侵蚀产沙的137Cs法研究

在贵州茂兰峰丛洼地区的工程碑草地洼地典型小流域进行了洼地沉积泥沙^137Cs示踪分析研究。研究结果表明：（1）草地洼地土壤剖面属于堆积土壤剖面,土壤剖面中^137Cs浓度分布特征反映了泥沙堆积与表层土壤侵蚀的信息。受岩土分布、微地形的影响,^137Cs初始沉降后出现不均匀再分布,面积活度的空间变化较大,变异系数为1.35,不能表征土壤侵蚀状况。（2）根据草地洼地典型堆积农耕地土壤剖面A-1的^137Cs浓度分布特征,1963年以来的流域平均堆积泥沙数量是16.6t/km^2.a,流域平均土壤侵蚀速率为45.95t/km^2.a,约占侵蚀产沙数量63.88%的泥沙以地下流失的形式散失;（3）草地洼地小流域内地面土壤流失与地下土壤流失的相对贡献率分别是70.13%和29.87%;（4）以茂兰地区最大成土速率为依据推算出的允许土壤侵蚀量是13.51t/km^2.a,草地洼地的土壤侵蚀危险程度极高。     

有关湖泊沉积137Cs深度分布资料解译的探讨

讨论了国内有关湖泊沉积^137Cs断代资料解译的一些问题。一些高寒地区的湖泊,上世纪60年代主核爆期以后,入湖泥沙的^137Cs含量变化不大,因此沉积剖面^137Cs浓度达峰值后无明显降低趋势。一些浅水湖泊,由于人类活动扰动湖底表层泥沙,剖面表层泥沙的^137Cs浓度比较均一。根据核尘埃沉降监测资料,中国湖泊沉积应存在明显的1963年^137Cs蓄积峰,不应存在所谓的1974年^137Cs次蓄积峰,可能存在不很明显的1986年次蓄积峰。沉积剖面中^137Cs浓度的深度变化,不仅和”’CS大气沉降通量变化有关,也和流域内近几十年来的环境变化有关,1963年以后的^137Cs次蓄积峰的确定要慎重。黔中红枫湖沉积物^137Cs面积活度高于滇西湖泊,主要是由于石漠化严重的喀斯特山地,裸岩面积大,裸岩坡地几无土壤吸附^137Cs尘埃,核爆期间^137Cs降尘随降雨径流直接流失进入湖泊比例高的缘故,不是青藏高原的大气污染物散落屏蔽效应的结果。     

江苏王港盐沼的现代沉积速率

Coastal salt-marshes represent an important coastal wetland system. The total area of coastal wetlands exceeds 5000 km2 in Jiangsu Province, China, but it is decreasing rapidly in response to the intense reclamation activities and coastal erosion along a part of the coastline. Hence, two types of plants, Spartina angelica and Spartina alterniflora, were introduced successively into the Jiangsu coastal areas, in order to protect the coastline from erosion and to increase the accumulation rate. Pb-210 and Cs-137 analyses were carried out for sediment samples from the salt-marshes of Wanggang to determine the sedimentation rate, on the basis of an evaluation of the background activity values and the factors affecting the enrichment of Pb-210. Analysis of a typical sediment column of the tidal flat shows that there is weak absorption of Pb-210 in the silt-dominated sediment. Because of the influences of factors such as storm events, bioturbation, material sources and analytical error, some abnormal data points appear in the Pb-210 record. After ignoring these data the calculated sedimentation rate was 3.3 cm yr-1 on average. Based upon analysis of the Cs-137 dating, the rate since 1963 was 3.1 cm yr-1 on average, similar to the data by Pb-210 dating and the previous studies. The dating results show that there were three stages of sedimentation, with the most rapid accretion being taking place after Spartina angelica was introduced into the area. The study also shows that at the stage of Spartina alterniflora growth, the accretion rate was higher than on the flat surface with the same elevation without the cover of this plant.     

东北四海龙湾玛珥湖沉积物纹层计年与137Cs、210Pb测年

对东北四海龙湾玛珥湖SHLF6孔纹层沉积物的¹³⁷Cs放射性测量表明:¹³⁷Cs比活度的最大值出现在55cm处,对应于1963年世界原子弹试爆高峰期。纹层计年表明0～6cm共有35个纹层层偶。从75cm到65cm,¹³⁷Cs比活度从256±009dpm/g急剧增加到1868±017dpm/g,可能65cm对应于1954年。通过测量²²⁶Ra子核²¹⁴Pb和²¹⁴Bi（能量为295keV,352keV和609keV）放射的光子数获得²²⁶Ra比活度数据,然后求得过剩²¹⁰Pb_{比活度（²¹⁰Pbuns）。²¹⁰Pbuns比活度随深度增加而呈指数衰减,其异常波动可能与人类活动以及沉积速率变化有关,例如55cm处²¹⁰Pb比活度较高,与¹³⁷Cs的峰值对应,这可能与1963年前后人工核实验的高峰有关,因为核试验不仅产生¹³⁷Cs,而且可以产生208Pb和²¹⁰Pb;45cm处²¹⁰Pb比活度较低,而²²⁶Ra较高,可能与人类活动加剧,导致沉积速率增加有关。根据²¹⁰PbunsCRS模式,SHLF6孔0～19cm的平均沉积速率为20mg/cm²·a,或约为011cm/a。²¹⁰Pb测年数据与¹³⁷Cs时标及纹层计年均有很好的一致性。四海龙湾玛珥湖发育的纹层为年纹层,可以建立高分辨率时间序列。}     

137Cs示踪技术在土壤侵蚀估算中的应用研究进展

137Cs示踪技术目前已被广泛用于长期的土壤侵蚀(水蚀)估算。该技术要解决的两个关键问题是土壤137Cs基准值的确定,以及土壤的137Cs损失量与土壤侵蚀量之间的定量模型的建立。对现有的主要的定量模型进行了简述,并提出了各自的局限性。这些模型可分为经验模型和理论模型两大类,其中以理论模型中的质量平衡模型较为成熟,综合考虑了较多的侵蚀因子,如137Cs年沉降分量、土壤颗粒粒径分布差异、地表富集作用、耕作土壤在耕作活动前新沉降137Cs的侵蚀损失等。对现有模型的改进也进行了探讨,并提出了今后的一些研究重点。     

Application of210Pb in soils

The spectroscopic measurement of soil samples is described.²¹⁰Pb data from a soil survey in western-Europe are briefly reviewed. The average²¹⁰Pb flux from the atmosphere, as determined from²¹⁰Pb _exc soil inventories, is 90 Bq m^–2a^–1. A simple one-dimensional box-chain model is described. The model simulates the vertical, post depositional transport of natural and fall-out radionuclides in the soil. Simulation of measured²¹⁰Pb _exc ,¹³⁴Cs,¹³⁷Cs, and²⁴¹Am soil profiles shows that mixing (bioturbation) is a very efficient transport mechanism. Lead seems to be strongly fixed to organic and clay particles. It is transported by the displacement of the organic and clay carrier substances. The mean residence time of lead, caesium, plutonium and americium in organic rich forest soils is in the order of 250–1000 years. An applicability study in investigate the use of²¹⁰Pb in erosion problems showed erosion rates from 60–180 g m^–2a^–1 on organic rich forest and meadow sites with 10°–25° slopes.This is the eighth of a series of papers to be published by this journal following the 20 ^th anniversary of the first application of²¹⁰Pb dating of lake sediments. Dr P. G. Appleby is guest editing this series.