High population connectivity and Pleistocene range expansion in the direct-developing plough shell Bullia rhodostoma along the South African coast

Pleistocene climatic and oceanographic changes have influenced the distribution of marine biodiversity in southern Africa. Most evidence, however, has been derived from rocky shore or demersal taxa; data on sandy shore species are limited, despite severe threats to many sandy beach ecosystems. To test the effects of past climatic changes on sandy shore species, we sampled 140 smooth plough shell Bullia rhodostoma individuals from eight localities and generated phylogeographic data derived from the mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) marker. Nuclear markers (ATPSα, ATPSβ, ANT, SRPS4, TBP, LTRS and ZMP) showed no sequence variation. Bullia rhodostoma exhibited shallow genetic differentiation (Φ_ST = 0.07, p < 0.05) across its range. Isolation-by-distance suggests a stepping-stone model of migration, which is expected given the species’ direct-development life-history strategy. Demographic reconstruction suggests a post-LGM (Last Glacial Maximum) range expansion, concordant with the signal of shallow genetic differentiation. Phylogeographic patterns obtained suggest that, during lower sea levels than current, B. rhodostoma could have been restricted to the South-West Coast, the central Agulhas Bioregion and probably also the East Coast. When climatic conditions changed and temperatures began to rise after the LGM, the species began a rapid westward range expansion from these refugial regions.     

An improved genetic programming to SSM/I estimation typhoon precipitation over ocean

This article proposes an improved multi‐run genetic programming (GP) and applies it to estimate the typhoon rainfall over ocean using multi‐variable meteorological satellite data. GP is a well‐known evolutionary programming and data mining method used to automatically discover the complex relationships among nonlinear systems. The main advantage of GP is to optimize appropriate types of function and their associated coefficients simultaneously. However, the searching efficiency of traditional GP can be decreased by the complex structure of parse tree to represent the multiple input variables. This study processed an improvement to enhance escape ability from local optimums during the optimization procedure. We continuously run GP several times by replacing the terminal nodes at the next run with the best solution at the current run. The current method improves GP, obtaining a highly nonlinear meaningful equation to estimate the rainfall. In the case study, this improved GP (IGP) described above combined with special sensor microwave imager (SSM/I) seven channels was employed. These results are then verified with the data from four offshore rainfall stations located on islands around Taiwan. The results show that the IGP generates sophisticated and accurate multi‐variable equation through two runs. The performance of IGP outperforms the traditional multiple linear regression, back‐propagated network (BPN) and three empirical equations. Because the extremely high values of precipitation rate are quite few and the number of zero values (no rain) is very large, the underestimations of heavy rainfall are obvious. A simple genetic algorithm was therefore used to search for the optimal threshold value of SSM/I channels, detecting the data of no rain. The IGP with two runs, used to construct an appropriate mathematical function to estimate the precipitation, can obtain more favourable results from estimating extremely high values. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北部湾沿海最大风速分布特征及工程设计风速推算

利用北部湾沿海7个气象站建站至2008年的年最大风速资料,采用指数律风速廓线公式和＂时次换算＂方法对年最大风速进行订正,得到长年代10m高度10min平均年最大风速序列;采用离差系数Cv分析最大风速的年际变化,应用极值Ⅰ型分布推算北部湾沿海距地10m高50a一遇和100a一遇风速的极大值.结果表明,北部湾沿海年最大风速多出现在7～9月,年最大风速离差系数Cv为0.22～0.35,与沿海城市上海、福州、广州相近;北部湾沿海50a一遇、100a一遇风速的极大值分别为22.9～42.6和24.8～46.5m/s,其空间分布特征是：越靠近海的地方多年一遇风速的极大值就越大.     

水下自航行观测平台开放式同步实时测量系统设计与实现

针对多传感器测量系统中存在的同步、实时测量不容易实现的问题,提出了解决方案。基于开放式、面向任务、模块化设计思想,设计并实现了实时数据采集系统的硬件结构和软件系统。研究并实现了基于I2C总线的多路传感器控制系统,描述了开放式应用控制协议的设计。介绍了主控制器端和传感器控制端软件结构及其实现。实现了多传感器测量任务并发执行,保证了各个传感器测量数据的实时性和有效性。     

SSM/I的云南思茅微波发射率的稳定性分析

利用装载于美国国防卫星上的特种微波成像仪SSM/I资料和相应的气象台站观测地面和探空资料, 在微波辐射传输模拟分析的基础上, 对云南思茅的微波发射率特性的稳定性进行定量分析。分析结果表明, 中国云南思茅地区地表植被覆盖度较好, 地表微波发射率稳定。地表微波发射率有弱的正弦季节变化(变化幅度很小, 最大不超过0.02), 在1—4月有很小的年际变化(发射率最大差异约0.008), 这些在有地面和探空观测的情况下, 可以通过模式模拟得到跟踪订正。     

一种改进海面风速反演的分类神经网络方法

为了提高使用SSM/I资料反演全球海面风速的精度,发展了一个新型的神经网络方法.在这个方法中,使用高风速、中、低风速状态和天气状态分类的方法分别训练神经网络,然后根据其类别的不同使用不同的神经网络计算风速.此方法较好地去除了由于高风速和云天天气状态下训练样本数据的缺少所产生的误差,改进了在高风速状态下反演风速值比实际风速偏低的情况,使得反演的高风速值被校正到了正常位置.本方法反演海面风速的值与浮标实测风速值之间的均方根误差达到1.60m/s.     

Isotropization by scalar field driven inflation and the cosmological quantum boundary

We derive the Wheeler-de Witt equation for the scalar field of mass m > 0 in a Bianchi-type I universe. We argue that classical trajectories become possible at h² ⩽ αt_p^-2, h being the mean Hubble value and t_p the Planck time. We feel justified to set the numerical constant α ≈︁ 1. We discuss this condition in geometrically invariant quantities and compare it with ⩽t_p^-4. The proposed quantum boundary of classical trajectories represents a 3-dimensional sphere in the 4-space of the dynamical system. Equipartition of the initial energy over field (m < m_p) and shear variables at the quantum boundary will cause inflation with a probability p of the order p = 1 - m/m_p thus, p = 1 - 10^-4 for m taken from GUT. In the course of the inflationary stage the initially arbitrarily large shear-anisotropy exponentially decays.     

利用卫星资料反演月平均近海面气温和湿度

为弥补广阔海面上气象参数的观测数据的不足,利用专用成像传感器SSM／I和红外辐射计AVHRR资料进行近海面气温和湿度的反演,首先分析与近海面气温和湿度关系比较密切的几个气象因子及其相关性,并采用神经网络建立近海面气温和湿度与它们之间的关系,利用训练好的网络模型反演月平均近海面气温和湿度,并与TAO和NDBC提供的浮标及观测站的实测数据进行比较,近海面气温和相对湿度的均方根差分别为0．87℃和3．73％。低纬度反演的结果精度较高,达到0．53℃（气温）和2．03％（相对湿度）;较大的误差（气温1．06℃、相对湿度3．85％）主要发生在近岸和高纬度区,因为近岸的地形比较复杂,并且很容易受陆地气候的影响;高纬度地区的气候变化比较剧烈,同时目前能得到的高纬度地区的实测资料比较少,这些因素都会影响反演结果的准确度。     

闽三角城市群地质灾害敏感性评价

生态安全是地区社会经济可持续的根本保障,然而地质灾害会对地区的生态安全造成严重威胁,对闽三角城市群进行地质灾害敏感性分析具有重要意义。本文分别选取坡度、高程、土壤类型、NDVI、岩性、多年平均降水量、距主要公路距离和5 km格网内的地质灾害点数目这8个指标,基于SPCA、全局Moran's I和局部Moran's I,对闽三角城市群的地质灾害敏感性进行综合评价。结果表明：闽三角城市群整体处于中度敏感,不同敏感性的面积大小顺序为：中度敏感>高度敏感>轻度敏感>极敏感>不敏感,占比分别为26.96%、25.67%、23.89%、11.75%和11.72%;地质灾害敏感性由东南沿海向西北内陆呈现出由不敏感向极敏感逐渐过渡的整体趋势,并存在着明显的地带性特征;不同县（市、区）间及其内部的地质灾害敏感性均存在较大的空间异质性;地质灾害敏感性存在显著的空间自相关性,且为显著正相关,并呈现出显著的空间集聚性特征,在德化县、永春县、安溪县和南靖县为高高聚集,在惠安县、丰泽区、鲤城区、晋江市和石狮市为低低聚集;不同土地利用类型下的地质灾害敏感性综合指数大小顺序为：林地>草地>未利用地>耕地>水域>建设用地,林地和草地整体处于中度敏感,水域、耕地、建设用地和未利用地整体处于轻度敏感;多年平均降水量、坡度、距主要公路距离、地质灾害点数目、岩性和土壤类型是研究区地质灾害的主要驱动因子。     

生命周期视角下建成环境对居民休闲体力活动的影响

近年来,建成环境对居民休闲体力活动的影响受到广泛的关注,但这种影响对于生命周期不同阶段居民来说是否存在差异需深入研究。因此,本文基于生命周期理论,将广州市居民划分为无子阶段、满巢阶段Ⅰ、满巢阶段Ⅱ、空巢期四个阶段,利用多元线性回归方程,研究建成环境对生命周期不同阶段居民休闲体力活动影响的差异。研究发现：（1）各阶段居民散步、中等强度、高强度休闲体力活动的频率和时间差异显著,但休闲体力活动水平无明显差异。（2）由于各阶段居民生活方式和休闲行为不同,建成环境对其休闲体力活动水平的影响存在差异。各阶段居民都受到康体设施密度的正向影响。此外,无子阶段居民偏好多样化且中高强度休闲体力活动,因此受POI密度和交叉口密度正向影响较大。满巢阶段Ⅰ与满巢阶段Ⅱ的居民受到家庭束缚较大,受建成环境影响较小。空巢期居民偏好于散步,受土地利用多样性的正向影响较大,土地利用多样性高的地区,空巢期居民出门活动的几率更高。考虑到各阶段人群特征及需求差异,应采取差异化的建成环境改善措施,提供个性化的服务供给。