长白山地土壤甲螨和跳虫多样性的海拔梯度格局

本文围绕物种组成特征、海拔分布格局及其主要驱动因子,探究了长白山北坡9个海拔梯度(600 m、800 m、1 000 m、1 200 m、1 400 m、1 600 m、1 800 m、2 000 m和2 200 m)的土壤甲螨和跳虫的多样性分布模式。于2021年7月,共采集到土壤甲螨10 688只,隶属于36科45属55种;跳虫6 155只,隶属于12科32属54种。非度量多维标度排序（Non-matric multidimentional scaling, NMDS）和多元方差分析表明,土壤甲螨和跳虫的群落结构在9个海拔梯度上存在显著差异,并在长白山4个典型植被带(针阔混交林、针叶林、岳桦林和苔原带)间表现出明显的分离。土壤甲螨和跳虫物种丰度的海拔分布格局呈单峰型,分别在海拔1 200 m和1 400 m处达到峰值;甲螨的物种丰富度随着海拔升高呈递减分布模式,Shannon多样性指数呈U型分布;而跳虫的丰富度和Shannon多样性指数随海拔升高呈单峰型模式,在海拔1 200 m处达到最大值。RDA分析（Redundancy analysis）和VPA分析(Variation par...     

Higher species diversity occurs in more fertile habitats without fertilizer disturbance in an alpine natural grassland community

Are there some relationships among species diversity and soil chemical properties of high altitude natural grasslands？ Plant community composition and chemical properties of soil samples were compared to investigate the relationship between soil and species diversity, and the richness in Tibetan alpine grasslands. Results showed that species diversity was significantly positively related to soil organic matter （SOM）, total nitrogen （TN）, available nitrogen （AN）, total phosphorus （TP）, available phosphorus （AP）, and available potassium （AK） in the high alpine grasslands. Margalefs species richness index was also significantly positively related to SOM, TN, AN, and TP. Most soil chemical properties showed significantly positive correlation with species diversity and Margalef＇s richness index. Our results suggested that higher plant species richness index and diversity occurred in more fertile soil habitats in high altitude natural grassland community. In practice, fertilization management for the restoration of degraded grassland should be conducted with reference to the nutrient levels ofnatural grassland without the additional artificial fertilizer and with higher species-diversity and richness index.     

塔吉克斯坦不同土地利用方式对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

利用Biolog EcoplateTM技术对塔吉克斯坦国哈特隆州具有典型代表性的土地利用方式土壤微生物代谢功能多样性分析,为制订合理的土壤管理措施防止土壤退化提供科学依据。结果表明:不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物群落代谢活性差异显著,对总碳源利用强度的大小顺序为:山前草地水浇地小麦李子树//棉花间作地膜栽培滴灌棉花旱地小麦樱桃树//棉花间作露地栽培沟灌棉花。根据不同土地利用方式土壤微生物碳源利用模式差异将其划分为4类功能群。主成分分析显示,氨基酸、碳水化合物及羧酸类碳源是影响土壤微生物活性的重要碳源。Shannon、McIntosh指数的总体趋势是山前草地地膜栽培滴灌棉花露地栽培沟灌棉花水浇地小麦李子树//棉花间作旱地小麦樱桃树//棉花间作,而Simpson指数除山前草地外,其他农田土壤间差异不显著。研究结果证明,各种农田用地土壤微生物群落代谢功能与天然草地相比均呈现出不同程度的衰减趋势。合理的水、肥投入和管理,有利于丰富农田土壤微生物群落功能多样性,减轻土壤生物功能退化程度。     

西藏巴嘎雪湿地夏季土壤动物群落特征

2010年7月,对巴嘎雪湿地5块采样地的土壤动物进行了调查,共捕获大型和中小型土壤动物47类4 832只,隶属于3门6纲12目34科。土壤动物的优势类群为绥螨科(Sejidae)、等节跳属(Isotoma)和隐跳属(Cryptopygus),占总捕获量的31.76%;常见类群31类,占总捕获量的60.83%;稀有类群13类,占总捕获量的7.41%。巴嘎雪湿地土壤动物以腐食性动物为主,捕食性动物次之,植食性动物最少。各采样地的土壤动物数量和种类在土壤中具有明显的表聚性。湿草甸的土壤动物物种多样性最丰富、物种分布最均匀,更适合土壤动物生存。5块采样地土壤动物间的相似程度表现为极不相似到中等不相似,表明巴嘎雪湿地出水口和进水口所处环境差异较大。     

Zinc and copper bioaccumulation in fish from Laizhou Bay,the Bohai Sea

Abstract Zinc （Zn） and copper （Cu） concentrations were determined in the tissues （muscle, stomach, liver, gills, skin, and gonads） of five commercial fish species （mullet Liza haematocheilus, flathead Platycephalus indicus, mackerel Scomberomorus niphonius, silver pomfret Pampus argenteus, and sea bass Lateolabrax japonicus） from Laizhou Bay in the Bohai Sea. Metal bioaccumulation was highest in the metabolically active tissues of the gonads and liver. Bioconcentration factors for Zn were higher in all tissues （gonads 44.35, stomach 7.73, gills 7.72, liver 5.61, skin 4.88, and muscle 1.63） than the corresponding values for Cu （gonads 3.50, stomach 3.00, gills 1.60, liver 5.43, skin 1.50, and muscle 0.93）. Mackerel tissues accumulated metal to higher concentrations than did other fish species, but bioaccumulation levels were not significantly correlated with the trophic levels of the fish. Zn and Cu concentrations in the tissues were generally negatively correlated with fish length, except for a few tissues of sea bass. Risk assessment based on national and international permissible limits and provisional tolerances for weekly intake of Zn and Cu revealed that the concentrations of these two metals in muscle were relatively low and would not pose hazards to human health.     

Zooplankton community structure in relation to environmental factors and ecological assessment of water quality in the Harbin Section of the Songhua River

To study the relationship between zooplankton community structure and environmental factors and water quality in the Harbin Section of the Songhua River, investigations were carried out in June, August, and October 2011. Canonical correspondence analysis （CCA） and saprobic indices were used to process and analyze the data. Seasonal variability was identified as a significant source of variation, which explains the fluctuation in zooplankton density. In autumn, the dry season, water residence time increased and zooplankton biomass and abundance accumulated in the slow flowing waters. Zooplankton abundance increased when food conditions improved. Therefore, the total zooplankton abundance in autumn is much higher than that in spring and summer. According to the saprobic indices, all the sample sites had mesosaprobic water and water quality was worse in autumn. CCA revealed that temperature accounted for most of the spatial variation in the zooplankton community. Moreover, pH, dissolved oxygen saturation, and turbidity were important factors affecting zooplankton community distribution.     

Spatial structure of central places in Jilin Central Urban Agglomeration,Jilin Province,China

Using the radius of gyration from fractal theory, this paper describes the calculation of fractal dimensions for the four tiers of central places in the Jilin Central Urban Agglomeration(JCUA), Jilin Province, China and the structural characteristics of each tier: 1) the 1st tier central place, Changchun Proper(not including Shuangyang District), provides the most service functions and has the most stable primate position; 2) the 2nd tier central places, Jilin Proper, Siping Proper, Liaoyuan Proper and Songyuan Proper have unclear statuses and do not provide certain functions; 3) the 3rd tier central places comprise 23 county-level cities, counties and urban districts(including Shuangyang District of Changchun), exhibiting a dense spatial structure that agrees with theory; 4) the 4th tier contains the largest number of central places(248 designated towns), but they are loosely distributed. In this study, a spatial image of the JCUA was created, based on vectorized data of the urban settlement distribution, which was then modified and abstracted to create a hexagonal network covering the JCUA. Compared to the traditional central place model, the modified spatial image conforms to the K = 3 principle. In reality, however, the growth of some 3rd tier central places should be increased with the cities being upgraded to the 2nd tier so as to overcome that tier′s functional deficiency. The loose distribution in the 4th tier should also be changed. This apparent anomaly can be explained by the fact that the classic hexagon model used to describe the way market areas layout does not exist in the real world. However, this should not be viewed as an obstacle to using central place theory. If its assumptions are properly applied, it can still assist research into the spatial structure of regions.     

海水酸化会削弱鲨鱼的感官功能

<正>一般说来,海洋肉食动物鲨鱼在很大程度上靠嗅觉寻找分散于广阔环境中的猎物。然而,研究人员不久前在Global Change Bilolgy杂志在线版上报道说:根据预测,随着全球海洋的变化,鲨鱼这种久经历练的捕猎能力可能会受到损害。由于人类活动释放到大气中的二氧化碳被海水吸收,海水的酸度变得越来越大。以前的研究表明,富含二氧化碳的酸性海水可能会削弱珊瑚礁鱼类嗅     

胶州湾冬季浮游植物光合作用特征原位研究

目前关于中国近海浮游植物光合作用特征的研究较少,尤其是海洋浮游藻类冬季光合生理生态方面的研究少见报道。本实验利用浮游植物荧光仪Phyto-PAM测量了胶州湾浮游植物最大光化学量子产量、快速光曲线、光化学淬灭以及非光化学淬灭,通过显微镜镜检获得浮游植物群落结构组成与丰度结果,结合相应的环境因子,对胶州湾冬季浮游植物进行了原位光合作用特征研究。结果表明:调查期间胶州湾浮游植物具有较高的光合活性与潜力,最大光化学量子产量保持在0.69左右,光能利用效率大部分处于0.2—0.3之间,快速光曲线十分典型,当光强超过1000μmol/(s·m2)后依然能保持较好的光合活性,光化学淬灭值较高;当光强超过1500μmol/(s·m2)后,相对电子传递速率开始下降,实际光量子收益达到最低,非光化学淬灭升高,此时海洋浮游植物将光合机构吸收的过量光能以热能的形式耗散掉,有效地保护了胶州湾浮游植物的光合器官不因高光强的照射而受到损伤。冬季大部分时期胶州湾浮游植物丰度极低,但是湾内浮游植物具有较强的光合活性,加上相对稳定的水文、生物等环境以及较丰富的营养盐和相对有利的营养盐结构,是推动冬季浮游植物高峰期出现的关键生理生态因素。     

象山港人工鱼礁投放对大型底栖动物群落结构的影响

为探明人工鱼礁生境中底栖生物群落结构的组成情况,评估人工鱼礁投放的生态修复效果,根据2006—2007年4季象山港全港区以及2010年4季人工鱼礁区和邻近区的调查资料,对比分析了3个不同区域大型底栖动物群落的差异。共鉴定出大型底栖动物116种,其中多毛类46种,软体动物35种,甲壳类18种,棘皮动物6种,其他类11种,各区域大型底栖动物的主要类群均为多毛类和软体动物。大型底栖动物密度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数表现为邻近区鱼礁区全港区,生物量为鱼礁区邻近区全港区。双因子方差分析结果表明:区域间,大型底栖动物种类数、密度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Margalef丰富度指数均存在显著性差异,生物量无显著性差异;季节间,大型底栖动物种类数和密度存在显著性差异,其余参数均无显著性差异。非度量多维尺度排序分析结果显示,鱼礁区和邻近区的大型底栖动物群落相似度较高,而与全港区的相似度较低。相似性百分比进一步揭示,鱼礁区和邻近区大型底栖动物群落间的平均非相似性为77.19%,不倒翁虫(Sternaspis scutata)为造成群落间差异的重要贡献物种;鱼礁区和全港区群落间的平均非相似性高达91.34%,不倒翁虫、薄云母蛤(Yoldia similis)、纵肋织纹螺(Nassarius variciferus)和洼颚倍棘蛇尾(Amphioplus depressus)为重要贡献物种;邻近区和全港区大型底栖动物群落间的平均非相似性也高达91.47%,不倒翁虫、薄片镜蛤(Dosinia laminata)和薄云母蛤为重要贡献物种。双因素相似性分析结果表明,人工鱼礁区、邻近区和全港区大型底栖动物群落季节间存在显著性差异,但区域间无显著性差异。不同区域两两间检验结果表明,人工鱼礁区和全港区的大型底栖动物群落存在显著性差异,人工鱼礁区和邻近区以及邻近区和全港区均无显著性差异。研究结果表明,象山港白石山群岛海域人工鱼礁的投放对大型底栖动物群落结构影响显著,但影响范围局限于人工鱼礁区附近。