北部湾涠洲岛珊瑚礁的研究历史、现状与特色

分析多年来涠洲岛珊瑚礁的研究成果,得出以下认识：1）近20多年来涠洲岛活珊瑚覆盖率呈快速下降趋势,北部活珊瑚覆盖率由2005年的63.70%下降到2010年的12.10%,东南部由1991年的60.00%下降到2010年的17.58%,西南部由1991年的80.00%下降到2010年的8.45%;2）处于相对高纬度区域的涠洲岛珊瑚礁,是研究全球气候变暖背景下珊瑚向高纬度或相对高纬度海域迁移的珊瑚避难所这一假说的理想区域;3）涠洲岛的珊瑚礁直接发育于火山基岩之上,是检验达尔文关于环礁成因假说的理想场所;4）涠洲岛珊瑚礁主要受到极端气候事件与人类活动的双重影响,是研究珊瑚礁响应人类活动和极端气候事件的天然实验室。因此,涠洲岛珊瑚礁除了与其他珊瑚礁一样具备重要的资源、生态与环境特征之外,还具有独特的科学研究价值,需要引起高度重视并进行有效保护,为南海珊瑚的北向迁移创造条件。     

Simultaneous optical and radar observations of poleward moving auroral forms under different IMF conditions

Using high temporal resolution optical data obtained from three-wavelength all-sky imagers at Chinese Yellow River Station in the Arctic, together with the EISCAT Svalbard radar （ESR） and SuperDARN radars, we investigated the dayside pole- ward moving auroral forms （PMAFs） and the associated plasma features in the polar ionosphere under difibrent interplanetary magnetic field （1MF） conditions, between 0900 and 1010 UT on 22 December 2003. Simultaneous optical and ESR observations revealed that all PMAFs were clearly associated with pulsed particle precipitations. During northward IMF, particles can precipi- tate into lower altitudes and reach the ionospheric E-region, and there is a reverse convection cell associated with these PMAFs. This cell is one of the typical signatures of the dayside high-latitude （lobe） reconnection in the polar ionosphere. These results indicate that the PMAFs were associated with the high-latitude reconnection. During southward IMF, the PMAFs show larger lati- tudinal motion, indicating a longer mean lifetime, and the associated ionospheric features indicate that the PMAFs were generated by the dayside low-latitude reconnection.     

天文观测攻略系列之十三金星观测

随着12月的来临,北半球逐渐进入了隆冬时节。此时在我国中高纬度地区。夜间气温已经很低,如果再遇到刮风,给人的感觉将会非常寒冷。因此,夜间观测一定要特别注意保暖。不光要穿够衣服鞋补,还应该戴上帖子和手套,围上围巾。不过,在这个冬季里,有一个天体不用大家熬夜挨冻就能很好地观测,它就是夜空中的亮星之王——金星。     

高纬度聚焦式与暗筒式日照计测量误差探讨

1引言中国绝大多数台站使用的日照计为暗筒式日照计,只有少数高纬度台站使用聚焦式日照计。聚焦式日照纸目前国内已经不生产,为了日照资料的可比性和均一化,黑龙江省于2012年1月1日将18个台站的聚焦式日照计改为暗筒式日照计,从而结束了几十年聚焦日照的观测历史。     

6月广东持续性暴雨过程概念模型的建立

利用1979—2011年广东省86个测站地面观测逐日降水资料及NCEP-DOE 第二套分析资料,通过合成分析和过程回报检验等步骤,从中高纬度环流型、区域动力上升条件和水汽输送条件三方面,确定广东6月持续性暴雨信号并进行量化表征,建立了广东持续性暴雨发生的概念模型。从30次历史持续性暴雨过程检验表明,有28次过程符合概念模型。通过2012年6月21—24日持续性暴雨过程检验表明,概念模型有一定实际应用价值。根据概念模型结合模式预报产品,将可进行中期和延伸期预报。另外,中高纬度环流型有一定持续性,通常提前1～4天出现异常信号,这对短期天气预报也有参考价值。      

1981-2006年全球LAI时空分布(英文)

Earth is always changing.Knowledge about where changes happened is the first step for us to understand how these changes affect our lives.In this paper,we use a long-term leaf area index data(LAI) to identify where changes happened and where has experienced the strongest change around the globe during 1981-2006.Results show that,over the past 26 years,LAI has generally increased at a rate of 0.0013 per year around the globe.The strongest increasing trend is around 0.0032 per year in the middle and northern high latitudes(north of 30°N).LAI has prominently increased in Europe,Siberia,Indian Peninsula,America and south Canada,South region of Sahara,southwest corner of Australia and Kgalagadi Basin;while noticeably decreased in Southeast Asia,southeastern China,central Africa,central and southern South America and arctic areas in North America.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SSTA IMPACTS OVER THE GLOBAL OCEAN ON THE ANOMALOUS CIRCULATION OVER EURASIA IN JANUARY 2008

In this paper,we discussed the features of atmospheric circulations over Eurasia as a response to sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) over the tropical Indian Ocean,the equatorial Pacific,Kuroshio and the North Atlantic.Our results are shown as follows: (1) CAM3.0,driven by the combined SSTAs over the four oceanic regions,can simulate well the features of anomalous atmospheric circulations over Eurasia in January 2008,indicating that the effects of the SSTAs over these four regions were one of the key causes of the anomalous systems over Eurasia.(2) The SSTAs over each key region contributed to the intensification of blocking over the Urals Mountains and a main East Asian trough.However,the influence of the SSTAs over individual oceanic regions differed from one another in other aspects.The SSTAs over the North Atlantic had an impact on the 500-hPa anomalous height (Z500A) over the middle-high latitudes and had a somewhat smaller effect over the low latitudes.For the warm SSTAs over Kuroshio,the subtropical high was much stronger,spread farther north than usual,and had an anomalous easterly that dominated the northwest Pacific Ocean.The warm SSTAs over the tropical Indian Ocean could have caused a negative Z500A from West Asia to Middle Asia,a remarkably anomalous southwesterly from the Indian Ocean to the south of China and an anomalous anticyclone circulation over the South China Sea-Philippine Sea region.Because of the La Nia event,the winter monsoon was stronger than normal,with an anomalously cooler northerly over the southeastern coastal areas of China.(3) The combined effects of the SSTAs over the four key regions were likely more important to the atmospheric circulation anomalies of January 2008 over Eurasia than the effects of individual or partly combined SSTAs.This unique SSTA distribution possibly led to the circulation anomalies over Eurasia in January 2008,especially the atmospheric circulation anomalies over the subtropics,which were more similar to those of the winter El Ni?o events than to the circulation anomalies following La Nia.     

Impacts of two types of El Niño on atmospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere

Based on NCEP/NCAR （National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmo- spheric Research） reanalysis data from 1979 to 2010, the impacts of two types of E1 Nino on atmospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere （SH） are analyzed. It is shown thaL when a warming event occurs in the equatorial eastern Pacific （EP E1 Nino）, there is a negative sea level pressure （SLP） anomaly in the east- ern Pacific and a positive one in the western Pacific. Besides, there exists a negative anomaly between 40°S and 60°S and a positive anomaly to the south of 60°S. When a warming event in the central Pacific （CP E1 Nino） occurs, there appears a negative SLP anomaly in the central Pacific and a positive SLP anomaly in the eastern and western Pacific, but the SLP anomalies are not so evident in the SH extratropics. In particular, the Pacific-South America （PSA） pattern induced by the CP E1 Nino is located more northwestward, with a weaker anomaly compared with the EP E1 Nino. This difference is directly related with the different position of heating centers associated with the two types of E1 Nino events. Because the SST anomaly associated with CP E1 Nino is located more westward than that associated with EP El Nino, the related heating center tends to move westward and the response of SH atmospheric circulation to the tropical heating changes accordingly, thus exciting a different position of the PSA pattern. It is also noted that the local meridional cell plays a role in the SH high latitudes during EP E1 Nino. The anomalous ascending motion due to the enhancement of convection over the eastern Pacific leads to an enhancement of the local Hadley cell and the meridional cell in the middle and high latitudes, which in turn induces an anomalous descending motion and the related positive anomaly of geopotential height over the Amundsen-Bellingshausen Sea.     

火山活动对气候的影响

重大的火山喷发对气候的影响表现为地面温度降低，由于火山喷发存在季节、纬度和强度的差异，因此喷发物的空间分布特征不同，对辐射的影响也不同，降温出现的时间和降温的幅度不一致。中高纬喷发的火山主要影响发生喷发的半球，而中低纬的喷发可影响到全球，且影响时间较长；不同季节的火山喷发后，高纬度的温度响应较低纬明显，夏季的温度响应较冬季明显。有关火山活动对降水的影响目前已有了一些研究，但由于降水序列中火山信号较弱，同时还有ENSO等其他因子的影响，客观地分辨出火山的影响较复杂，目前尚无一致结论。     

Mean climatic characteristics in high northern latitudes in an ocean-sea ice-atmosphere coupled model

Emphasizing the model‘s ability in mean climate reproduction in high northern latitudes, resultsfrom an ocean-sea ice-atmosphere coupled model are analyzed. It is shown that the coupled model cansimulate the main characteristics of annual mean global sea surface temperature and sea level pressurewell, but the extent of ice coverage produced in the Southern Hemisphere is not large enough. The maindistribution characteristics of simulated sea level pressure and temperature at 850 hPa in high northernlatitudes agree well with their counterparts in the NCEP reanalysis dataset, and the model can reproducethe Arctic Oscillation (AO) mode successfully. The simulated seasonal variation of sea ice in the NorthernHemisphere is rational and its main distribution features in winter agree well with those from observations.But the ice concentration in the sea ice edge area close to the Eurasian continent in the inner Arctic Oceanis much larger than the observation. There are significant interannual variation signals in the simulated seaice concentration in winter in high northern latitudes and the most significant area lies in the GreenlandSea, followed by the Barents Sea. All of these features agree well with the results from observations.