西南地区东部夏季典型旱涝年的OLR特征

利用1959—2006年西南地区东部20个测站的逐日降水量资料和1979—2006年全球OLR（Outgoing Longwave Radiation）逐日格点资料, 分析了西南地区东部夏季典型旱涝年OLR的异常特征。结果表明： 按照区域降水指数可确定3个典型干旱年（2006, 1994和1997年）和3个典型洪涝年（1998, 1980和1993年）, 而1998年和2006年分别是1959年以来西南地区东部降水偏多和偏少最明显的年份。西南地区东部典型旱涝年夏季OLR分布有明显的差异, 洪涝（干旱）年, 从青藏高原东部一直到江淮地区OLR值偏低（高）, 同时孟加拉湾南部及赤道东印度洋地区OLR值也偏低（高）, 而菲律宾及其附近地区OLR值偏高（低）。从3个关键区平均的逐日变化来看, 赤道东印度洋地区对流活动典型涝年强于典型旱年, 菲律宾及其附近地区对流活动则是旱年强于涝年, 青藏高原东部至江淮流域地区（包括西南地区东部）极端涝年盛行上升运动。涝年热带地区的ITCZ以向西移动的特征为主, 而旱年热带地区的ITCZ夏季前期则以向东移动的特征为主。典型涝年孟加拉湾南部及赤道东印度洋地区的对流北传的特征较明显, 6月中旬以后大部分时间可以传到30°N以北, 典型旱年孟加拉湾南部及赤道东印度洋地区的对流主要呈现南北振荡、 偶有中断的活动特征, 很少时间能达到30°N。低纬热带地区关键区域OLR 5～9月一般都具有准40天左右的显著低频变化周期, 而准12～15天的准双周变化周期在部分时段也显著。典型涝年夏季OLR 40天左右低频对流经向和纬向传播在西南地区东部区域得到加强, 低频对流偏强, 引起降水偏多, 而典型旱年夏季则相反, OLR 40天左右低频对流经向和纬向传播在该区域得到削弱, 低频对流偏弱, 引起降水偏少。     

Impacts of Future NOx and CO Emissions on Regional Chemistry and Climate over Eastern China

A coupled chemical/dynamical model (SOCOL-SOlar Climate Ozone Links) is applied to study the impacts of future enhanced CO and NOx emissions over eastern China on regional chemistry and climate. The result shows that the increase of CO and NOx emissions has significant effects on regional chemistry, including NOx, CO, O₃, and OH concentrations. During winter, the CO concentration is uniformly increased in the northern hemisphere by about 10 ppbv. During summer, the increase of CO has a regional distribution. The change in O₃, concentrations near eastern China has both strong seasonal and spatial variations. During winter, the surface O₃, concentrations decrease by about 2 ppbv, while during summer they increase by about 2 ppbv in eastern China. The changes of CO, NOx, and O₃, induce important impacts on OH concentrations. The changes in chemistry, especially O₃, induce important effects on regional climate. The analysis suggests that during winter, the surface temperature decreases and air pressure increases in central-eastern China. The changes of temperature and pressure produce decreases in vertical velocity. We should mention that the model resolution is coarse, and the calculated concentrations are generally underestimated when they are compared to measured results. However, because this model is a coupled dynamical/chemical model, it can provide some useful insights regarding the climate impacts due to changes in air pollutant emissions.     

中国东部季风区春季气候的变暖特征

利用中国东部375个测站1961—2006年地面气温资料,采用线性趋势分析、EOF、REOF、Mann-Kendall、小波分析等方法,分析了季风区春季的气候变暖特征。结果表明:季风区春季增温显著,近46 a增温率为0.25℃/(10 a)。从1989年开始增温,1996年有一次显著突变。以38°N为界,气温变化的稳定性是南部高于北部。增温率从南向北增大,增温不显著的区域主要在长江以南;根据EOF分析,该区春季气温异常可分为全区一致型、江南江北相反型、中原型3种常见分布模态。根据REOF又进一步将该区春季气温异常细分为中部、南部、北部3个区。全区性的前10个偏暖年,全部出现在1990年代以后。气温异常变化存在准4年和22年的周期,气温的转折北部比中、南部早,但北部从1990年代末期开始转为下降;北部区和中部区分别在1981、1997年发生了突变,南部突变不明显;蒙古高压是影响春季气温的主要大气活动中心,高压强度从1980年代后期以来有明显减弱趋势,造成入侵东部的偏北冷空气减弱,是春季气候变暖的可能机理。     

关中东部暴雨灾害风险区划研究

利用关中东部11个气象站1961—2007年的逐日降水资料、同期暴雨洪涝灾害和经济发展资料,在ARCGIS平台上,从暴雨的孕灾环境敏感性、致灾因子危险性、承灾体易损性、防灾减灾能力等4方面综合分析,形成关中东部暴雨风险灾害区划。结果表明：关中东部孕灾环境的高敏感区主要在秦岭北部渭河支流较多的二华地区和沿黄河的韩城市;韩城和潼关的雨涝致灾危险性最高,蒲城、大荔致灾危险性相对较小;临渭区为高易损区;关中东部的临渭区、大荔、韩城对暴雨灾害防灾减灾能力最强,其次为蒲城和华县。暴雨洪灾的高风险区在韩城和潼关。暴雨灾害风险区面积相对较小,防灾减灾相对较强,暴雨致灾危险性范围小,但受地形和地貌影响,孕灾环境敏感性较高。     

ＩＰＣＣＡＲ４中海气耦合模式对中国东部夏季降水及ＰＤＯ、ＮＡＯ年代际变化的模拟能力分析

利用１８８０—１９９９年中国东部３５站的观测降水资料、英国Ｈａｄｌｅｙ中心的海温和海平面气压资料以及ＩＰＣＣ第４次评估报告（ＡＲ４）中２０世纪气候模拟试验（２０Ｃ３Ｍ）的模式输出结果,对ＩＰＣＣＡＲ４中２２个耦合模式所模拟的我国东部夏季降水的年代际变化情况以及太平洋年代际涛动（ＰＤＯ）和北大西洋涛动（ＮＡＯ）的年代际变化情况进行了分析。结果显示,这些模式对２０世纪我国东部夏季降水年代际变化的模拟结果并不理想,但对降水在２０世纪７０年代中期前后的突变具有一定的模拟能力。其中ＩＡＰ＿ＦＧＯＡＬＳＬ＿０＿Ｇ可以大致模拟出２０世纪７０年代中期前后降水型的突变特征,而ＢＣＣＲ＿ＢＣＭ２＿０和ＵＫＭＯ＿ＨａｄＧＥＭ１则可以模拟出华北地区降水在２０世纪７０年代中期之后减少的现象。对于引起我国东部夏季降水年代际变化的重要因子ＰＤＯ和ＮＡＯ,模式对它们年代际变化的模拟效果略好于降水。多数模式都可以模拟出ＰＤＯ和ＮＡＯ的空间模态,其中ＣＮＲＭ＿ＣＭ３和ＵＫＭＯ＿ＨａｄＧＥＭ１对ＰＤＯ年代际变化（８ａ以上）的模拟与实际情况比较相似,并可以模拟出２０世纪７０年代中期之后ＰＤＯ由负位相转变为正位相的情况,而模式ＵＫＭＯ＿ＨａｄＧＥＭ１也对ＮＡＯ的年代际变化以及１９８０年以来不断加强的趋势模拟较好。     

柴达木盆地的观天人——青海省海西州乌兰县气象局简介

<正>海西州乌兰县气象局地处柴达木盆地东部,海拔高度为2950米,始建于1 980年8月,属国家基本气象观测站。乌兰县气象局现有职工9人,平均年龄35岁,均为大专以上学历,中共党员5名。     

Summertime atmospheric teleconnection pattern associated with a warming over the eastern Tibetan Plateau

By using a surface air temperature index (SATI) averaged over the eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP), investigation is conducted on the short-term climate variation associated with the interannual air warming (or cooling) over the TP in each summer month. Evidence suggests that the SATI is associated with a consistent teleconnection pattern extending from the TP to central-western Asia and southeastern Europe. Associated rainfall changes include, for a warming case, a drought in northern India in May and June, and a stronger mei-yu front in June. The latter is due to an intensified upper-level northeasterly in eastern China and a wetter and warmer condition over the eastern TP. In the East Asian regions, the time-space distributions of the correlation patterns between SATI and rainfall are more complex and exhibit large differences from month to month. Some studies have revealed a close relationship between the anomalous heating over the TP and the rainfall anomaly along the Yangtze River valley appearing in the summer on a seasonal mean time-scale, whereas in the present study, this relationship only appears in June and the signal's significance becomes weaker after the long-term trend in the data was excluded. Close correlations between SATI and the convection activity and SST also occur in the western Pacific in July and August: A zonally-elongated warm tone in the SST in the northwestern Pacific seems to be a passive response of the associated circulation related to a warm SATI. The SATI-associated teleconnection pattern provides a scenario consistently linking the broad summer rainfall anomalies in Europe, central-western Asia, India, and East Asia.     

Simulation of Precipitation in Monsoon Regions of China by CMIP3 Models

The output of 25 models used in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 （CMIP3） were evaluated, with a focus on summer precipitation in eastern China for the last 40 years of the 20th century. Most models failed to reproduce rainfall associated with the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM）, and hence the seasonal cycle in eastern China, but provided reasonable results in Southwest （SW） and Northeast China （NE）. The simulations produced reasonable results for the Yangtze-Huai （YH） Basin area, although the Meiyu phenomenon was underestimated in general. One typical regional phenomenon, a seasonal northward shift in the rain belt from early to late summer, was completely missed by most models. The long-term climate trends in rainfall over eastern China were largely underestimated, and the observed geographical pattern of rainfall changes was not reproduced by most models. Precipitation extremes were evaluated via parameters of fitted GEV （Generalized Ex- treme Values） distributions. The annual extremes were grossly underestimated in the monsoon-dominated YH and SW regions, but reasonable values were calculated for the North China （NC） and NE regions. These results suggest a general failure to capture the dynamics of the EASM in current coupled climate models. Nonetheless, models with higher resolution tend to reproduce larger decadal trends and annual extremes of precipitation in the regions studied.     

用Palmer湿润指数作西北地区东部冬小麦旱涝评估

根据Palmer气象干旱指数 (PDSI) 的中间量Palmer湿润指数原理, 计算了西北地区东部冬小麦农气观测站延安、咸阳等多个站点1961—2000年逐月Palmer湿润指数, 对各站点的冬小麦不同发育期的旱涝情况做了初步的验证和应用。Palmer湿润指数与Z指数对比结果表明:Palmer湿润指数对农作物旱情分析更具有客观性, 分析结果更符合实际情况, 因而可以作为我国西北地区东部农作物旱涝的评估工具。