减灾从预防规划入手——法国自然灾害风险管理经验

法国位于欧洲中西部,陆地面积54．4965万平方公里,人口6000万。法国国土受多种自然灾害危害,从社会经济角度看,其滑坡灾害危害较大,因此,法国政府十分重视滑坡灾害的减灾工作。     

全球不同空间尺度陆地年降水的年代尺度变化特征

基于1951~2010年GPCC（Global Precipitation Climatology Centre）的逐月降水数据,利用集合经验模分解法（Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition,简称EEMD法）对全球、东西半球、五个大陆和四个典型干旱半干旱区等不同空间尺度年降水量的年代尺度特征进行了研究,区分了不同空间尺度上降水的年代际变化及其长期趋势。结果发现:（1）全球陆地平均降水既存在年代际的周期振荡,又存在长期变化的趋势,降水的年代际周期振荡的强度远大于降水的长期趋势,两者的共同作用使得全球陆地平均降水呈现以年代际周期振荡为主的特征。（2）在半球尺度,2000年以前,东、西半球具有明显相反的年代尺度变化特征,东半球变干（降水减少）,西半球变湿（降水增加）。（3）1951~2010年,欧亚大陆和非洲大陆与北美、南美和澳洲大陆的年代际振荡和趋势存在着一个近似反位相的关系;干旱化与干旱时段是完全不同的两个过程,两者所处的时段也不同;近10年（2001~2010年）全球五个大陆可能将进入一个相对湿润的时段。（4）四个典型干旱半干旱区降水的年代尺度变化具有明显的区域差异。总体来说,华北和北非与北美和中亚降水在长期趋势及年代际振荡上具有反位相的特征。华北和北非的年代际振荡具有近似的位相。在最近几十年,北美和中亚同处于湿润时段,但前者开始于1975年,后者开始于1985年。此外,中亚的第一个湿润时段（1959~1968年）却对应北美的干旱时段。     

我国陆地边疆人口空间分布与地形关系

以我国国境线内50km缓冲区为研究区域,分析我国陆地边疆地区人口总体分布,结果符合黑河-腾冲线的规律,再叠加分析我国陆地边疆地区人口密度曲线与地形剖面线,总体探究了人口空间分布与地形的关系,最后分别统计分析人口与高程、坡度、地形起伏度及坡向之间的关系,研究结果对进一步探究我国陆地边疆人口空间分布规律的内在机理有一定帮助...     

陆地水体参数的卫星遥感反演研究进展

以江河、湖泊与湿地等形式存在的陆地水体对气候变化和人类生产生活有着重要影响,准确掌握陆地水体参数的变化对全面理解地球水循环及有效管理水资源等具有重大意义,卫星遥感技术的迅速发展为陆地水体的动态监测带来广阔前景.围绕陆地水体的重要物理参数,回顾了基于卫星遥感来提取水域面积的光学遥感法、雷达遥感法和水域面积-水位关系法,获...     

1981-2008年中国陆地植被NPP对气候变化响应的敏感性试验

在验证CENTURY模型对中国陆地植被净初级生产力(Net Primary Productivity,NPP)模拟能力的基础上,利用该模型探讨了1981-2008年中国陆地植被NPP的年际变异和变化趋势对CO₂浓度、温度和降水变化的响应。结果表明,中国陆地植被NPP对不同气候因子的响应程度存在明显不同。其中,CO₂浓度变化对植被NPP年际变异的影响不显著,但能够引起中国大部分地区植被NPP趋势系数增大;温度对中国中高纬度地区植被NPP的年际变化影响显著,但就全国范围而言,植被NPP年际变异对温度变化的响应程度总体低于对降水变化的响应程度;降水变化是对中国植被NPP变化趋势起主导作用的气候因子。此外,综合考虑温度和降水变化的影响发现,植被NPP变化趋势的响应特征类似于降水单独变化时植被NPP变化趋势的响应特征。     

黄河三角洲土地利用与土地资源可持续开发--以东营市为例

黄河三角洲：共和国最年轻的国土 黄河三角洲位于渤海湾和莱州湾沿岸,是黄河以巨量泥沙堆积在人海口附近而形成的扇面状陆地,在自然地理上,它是古代、近代和现代三角洲叠加形成的复合体。古代三角洲以蒲城为顶点,西起套尔河口,南达小清河口,陆上面积约7200平方公里。1855年黄河从铜瓦厢（今兰考县东坝头)决口,经大清河故道于利津县东北老爷庙牡蛎嘴入渤海,建造了以宁海为顶点、西起套尔河口、南抵支脉沟口附近的近代三角洲,陆上面积约5400平方公里。     

1901-1995年气候变化导致陆地生态系统净吸收碳

The spatial and temporal variability of land carbon flux over the past one hundred years was investigated based on an empirical model directly calculating soil respiration rate. Our model shows that during 1901-1995, about 44-89 PgC (equals to 0.5, 0.9 PgC/yr respectively) were absorbed by terrestrial biosphere. The simulated net ecosystem productivity (NEP) after the 1930s was close to the estimated value of" missing C sink” from deconvolution analysis. Most of the total carbon sink happened during 1951-1985 with the estimated value of 33-50 PgC. Three major sinks were located in the tropics (10°S-10°N), Northern mid-latitudes (30°-60°N) and Southern subtropics (10°-40°S). During 1940s-mid-1970s, carbon sinks by terrestrial ecosystem increased with time, and decreased after the mid-1970s. These may be due to the ch anging of climate condition, as during the 1940s-1970s, temperature decreased and precipitation increased, while after the mid-1970s, an opposite climate situation occurred with evident increasing in temperature and decreasing in precipitation. Usually, warmer and dryer climate condition is not favor for carbon absorption by biosphere and even induces net carbon release from soil, while cooler and wetter condition may induce more carbon sink. Our model results show that the net carbon flux is particularly dependent on moisture / precipitation effect despite of temperature effect. The changing of climate in the past century may be a possible factor inducing increases in carbon sink in addition to CO2 and N fertilizer.     

汪洋“土地”上的脚步

在人类迈向海洋的过程中,充满了各种艰辛和挑战。我们是如何一步一步地走向海洋的?在这片既是阻隔又是媒介的土地上,我们迷失过,惶恐过,但最终,我们学会了行走,甚至奔跑。人们址初的航海就像蹒跚学步的婴儿,总是离不开陆地母亲的怀抱。     

中国陆地生态系统净初级生产力时空特征模拟

In this paper,we use CEVSA,a process-based model,which has been validated on regional and global scales,to explore the temporal and spatial patterns of Net Primary Productivity (NPP) and its responses to interannual Climate fluctuations in China‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘s terrestrial ecosystems over the period 1981-1998,The estimated results suggest that ,in this study period,the averaged annual total NPP is about 3.09 Gt C/yr^-1 and average NPP is about 342 g C/m^2,The results also showed that the precipitaion was the key factor determining the spsatial distribution and temporal trends of NPP. Temporally,the total NPP exhibited a slowly increasing trend.In some ENSO years( e.g.1982,1986,1997)NPP decreased clearly compared to the previous year,but the relationship between ENSO and NPP is decreased clearly compared to the previous year,but the relationship between ENSO and NPP is complex due to the integrated effects of monsoons and regional differentiation. Spatially,the relatively high NPP occurred at the middle high latitudes,the low latitudes and the lower appeared at the middle latitudes,On national scale,precipitaion is the key conntro factor on NPP variations and there exists a weak correlation between NP and temperature ,but regional responses are greatly different.     

The Insect Oviposition Firstly Discovered on the Middle Jurassic Ginkgoales Leaf from Inner Mongolia,China

Although the evidence of insect oviposition on plant organs has been reported from the late Paleozoic to the Miocene, record from the middle Jurassic is still blank. This paper reports a significant evidence of insect oviposition on plant leaf from the middle Jurassic for the first time. The ovipositional scar is distributed on the abaxial surface of Sphenobaiera leaf（Ginkgoales） from the middle Jurassic Daohugou Formation of Inner Mongolia, China. A new ichnospecies Paleoovoidus venustus sp. nov. is described. The scar is elliptic to oval, arranged in longitudinal rows between leaf veins with almost regular distance, with its long axis paralleling to the leaf venation. This discovery adds new information to the morphology of insect endophytic oviposition probably produced by Odonata existed in a terrestrial ecosystem ~165 Ma ago. The new materials also provide important data for the study of insect reproductive biology, plant-insect interaction and coevolution, as well as understanding the paleoclimate and palaeoenvironment during that time in northeast China.