三种扇贝挥发性风味物质指纹图谱分析

为探究海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)、栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)、虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)三种扇贝闭壳肌的挥发性风味物质差异,采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy,GC-IMS)技术,对三种扇贝闭壳肌在新鲜(40℃)和加热(100℃)情况下进行挥发性成分分析。结果表明:在新鲜状态下,海湾扇贝(HWSB-F)、栉孔扇贝(ZKSB-F)、虾夷扇贝(XYSB-F)闭壳肌中,共定性出27种挥发性风味物质,其中醛类8种,醇类5种,酮类5种,酯类3种,以及醚类、苯类、酸类、烯类和噻唑等。在加热情况下,海湾扇贝(HWSB-C)、栉孔扇贝(ZKSB-C)、虾夷扇贝(XYSB-C)闭壳肌中共定性出52种挥发性风味物质,其中醛类20种,酯类5种,酮类7种,醇类8种,烯类4种,酸类2种,醚类2种,还包括吡嗪、胺类、苯类、含氧杂环等物质。对三种扇贝闭壳肌新鲜组和加热组指纹图谱进行分析,发现新鲜扇贝原有的挥发性风味物质加热后减少,且产生了新的其他种类的挥发性风味物质。扇贝闭壳肌加热组的挥发性风味物质种类较多,组成比较复杂,新鲜组的扇贝闭壳肌挥发性风味物质种类较少,组成简单。通过主成分分析,可在新鲜状态和加热状态下,有效区分三种扇贝闭壳肌组织。三种扇贝闭壳肌挥发性风味物质指纹图谱的建立,丰富了不同扇贝呈味物质的组成成分研究内容,证明GC-IMS技术可快速鉴别三种去壳扇贝闭壳肌的种类,为不同种扇贝闭壳肌以次充好提供检测依据。     

孔隙可调的编织石墨烯过滤膜的制备及其在盐湖卤水离子分离领域的应用

我国盐湖数量多、分布广、资源丰富。如何有效地从盐湖卤水中提取资源元素,对国民经济具有重要意义。然而目前的过滤膜仍然具有稳定性差、耐腐蚀性差、高离子截留率与高水通量不可兼得等短板,因此亟需寻找一种力学性能优异,过滤性好的新型膜材料;二维材料因其具有低能耗、高效率等特点,在筛选分离领域展现了巨大优势。通过将碳纳米管编织进过滤膜、化学修饰编织石墨烯带边缘、或纳米压痕技术处理编织过滤膜等方法可以调控过滤孔尺寸以实现离子筛分,这种编织过滤膜在保障孔隙率的同时,膜强度相比传统商业渗透膜提升至少两个数量级,因此该研究为利用纳米编织技术设计高通量高强度的过滤膜提供了新思路,并总结分析了基于编织石墨烯过滤膜用于盐湖卤水离子分离性能的研究情况。     

Historical Sediment Record of ~(137)Cs, δ-HCH,and δ~(13)C Reflects the Impact of Land Use on Soil Erosion

This paper reports the concentrations of 137 Cs, hexachlorocyclohexane(HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes(DDT) and its main degradation products, δ13C, and organic carbon in pond sediments(0-210 cm, sectioned by 2-20 cm interval) and surface soils(the 0-3 cm horizon) collected in 2010 from Chenjia catchment, which is located in Yanting county in the hilly central Sichuan of China. α-, δ-, and γ-HCH, DDT, and DDD were not detected throughout the sediment profile. Trace concentrations of δ-HCH(0.89-29.31 ng g-1) and p,p′-DDE(1.85-6.02 ng g-1) were detected only in top 40 cm sediment. The 137 Cs fallout peak in 1963(corresponding to the 55-60 cm depth), the sedimentary signature left by the last year of HCH use in 1989(an additional indicator at 20-25 cm), and the obvious original channel bed prior to the construction of the pond in 1956 were used as temporal markers to estimate changes in average sedimentation rate between different periods due to changes in land use. Continuous, marked decrease in average sedimentation rate(i.e., 3.79, 1.35 and 1.07 cm year-1 in 1956-1963, 1963-1989, and 1989-2010, respectively)over time was observed, probably due to the reforestation, abandoning of steep sloping farmland for afforestation and natural re-vegetation(implementation of the Grain for Green Program), and the conversion of part of gently sloping farmland terraces to orchard land since the 1980 s, especially since the 1990 s. This was corroborated by the observed decrease(more negative) in δ13C of sediment towards the surface, which indicates increased relative contribution of eroded soil particles coming from slopes with increased tree cover in sediment source area. Combined use of 137 Cs, δ-HCH, and δ13C record in sediments has been demonstrated to be a powerful approach to reconstruction of response in sedimentation rate to historical land use changes.     

Measurement of trace nitrate concentrations in seawater by ion chromatography with valve switching

An ion chromatographic method with a valve switching facility was developed to determine trace nitrate concentrations in seawater using two pumps, two different suppressors, and two columns. A carbohydrate membrane desalter was used to reduce the high concentrations of sodium salts in samples. In this method, trace nitrate was eluted from the concentrator column to the analytical columns, while the matrix flowed to waste. Neither chemical pre-treatment nor sample dilution was required. In the optimized separation conditions, the method showed good linearity （R〉0,99） in the 0.05 and 50 mg/L concentration range, and satisfactory repeatability （RSD〈5%, n=6）. The limit of detection for nitrate was 0.02 mg/L. Results showed that the valve switching system was suitable and practical for the determination of trace nitrate in seawater.     

离子色谱法同时测定污泥中的重金属离子

研究了离子色谱法同时测定污泥浸出液中重金属离子的方法。采用IonPac CS5A阳离子分离柱,以草酸(MetPac)为淋洗液,紫外检测—离子色谱法分离测定污泥浸出液中常见的阳离子(Pb2+,Cu2+,Cd2+,Co2+,Zn2+,Ni2+),方法检出限为0.023~0.357 mg/L,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=7)为1.62%~4.95%,加标回收率为93.9%~105.3%。该方法用于污泥中的重金属离子同时测定,具有很好的实用性。     

燃烧—离子色谱法测定地质物料中的硫

文章介绍了用自制氧瓶，氧气燃烧－离子色谱法测定地质物料中Ｓ。实验了最佳吸收条件。对含Ｓ为０．０８６％的地球化学标样ＧＳＲ－４测定６次，其平均值为０．０８４％，相对标准偏差ＲＳＤ为１．５８％。     

牡丹江市主城区第四系地下水主要离子特征与成因分析

以牡丹江市主城区为研究区,对该区采集的24组第四系地下水样品中常规离子进行检测和分析,利用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs模型、离子比例关系等方法识别地下水主要离子成因。结果表明,研究区第四系地下水中主要离子含量变化均具有较强的离散性,阴离子平均浓度HCO₃^->SO₄^2->Cl^-,阳离子平均浓度Ca²⁺>Na⁺>Mg²⁺>K⁺,地下水整体为淡水,呈中性偏弱酸性,水化学类型以HCO₃—Na·Ca型水为主;水中的化学组分主要来源于岩石风化溶解,其中,Na⁺和K⁺主要来源于硅酸盐矿物的溶解,Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺主要受碳酸盐、硫酸盐和硅酸盐矿物风化溶解作用共同控制,同时水中阳离子间存在一定交换作用。     

常州市地下水化学特征与成因分析

常州市是长江三角洲地区典型的工业化城市,多年来的快速发展对地下水环境产生了系列影响,地下水化学组分受到天然条件和人为活动的双重因素控制,现状地下水化学成因和影响因素亟需深入研究。本文在地下水赋存条件分析的基础上,综合采用统计分析、离子比值、主成分分析法对常州各层地下水化学特征和成因开展分析。结果表明,区域潜水水化学类型以HCO₃^-—Ca²⁺·Mg²⁺、HCO₃^-—Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-·Cl^-—Na⁺·Ca²⁺型为主,第Ⅰ承压水以HCO₃^-—Na⁺·Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-—Ca²⁺型为主、第Ⅱ承压水以HCO₃^-—Na⁺     

常州市地下水化学特征与成因分析

常州市是长江三角洲地区典型的工业化城市,多年来的快速发展对地下水环境产生了系列影响,地下水化学组分受到天然条件和人为活动的双重因素控制,现状地下水化学成因和影响因素亟需深入研究。本文在地下水赋存条件分析的基础上,综合采用统计分析、离子比值、主成分分析法对常州各层地下水化学特征和成因开展分析。结果表明,区域潜水水化学类型以HCO3-—Ca2+·Mg2+、HCO3-—Ca2+和HCO3-·Cl-—Na+·Ca2+型为主,第Ⅰ承压水以HCO3-—Na+·Ca2+和HCO3-—Ca2+型为主、第Ⅱ承压水以HCO3-—Na+·Ca2+型为主。从浅层至深层,地下水的碱性逐渐增强,ρ(TDS)均值降低,水化学类型由多元向单一转变。地下水化学组分主要受矿物溶解、阳离子交替吸附和人类活动共同影响。其中,潜水和第Ⅰ承压水化学成因主要受控于碳酸盐、硅酸盐、蒸发岩盐和硫酸盐矿物溶解作用,且二者受人类活动影响特征较显著。第Ⅱ、Ⅲ承压水受碳酸盐、硅酸盐矿物溶解和阳离子交替吸附作用明显,人类活动对深层地下水影响甚微。