Characterization of marine microplankton communities of Qingdao coastal areas using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)

Microplankton communities of three coastal sites of Qingdao, Shandong Province, China were investigated using RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) molecular markers and morphological observations. Eight RAPDprimers were selected to amplify the DNA polymorphy. The genetic distances inferred from the pairwise similarities were calculated for the phylogenetic tree construction. Meantime, the traditional microscopic determination, a way of visualizing the species composition, was performed to detect the major taxa of microplanktons from all samples. Results showed that: (1) the band sharing index values were in the range of 0.504 2—0.763 2 among samples from the same sampling site at different time scales, while 0.406 5—0.685 7 among the samples from different stations at the same time scales, indicating that spatial variations of microplankton communities were more pronounced than temporal ones; (2) samples from the same station basically clustered together, corresponding to the geographic distribution of the sampling sites; (3) diversity derived from genetic and morphological data did not correspond with each other well.     

3种江珧同工酶遗传标记

通过对江珧科的栉江珧、旗江珧及二色裂江珧三物种的 5种组织 (消化盲囊、肾组织、外套膜、后闭壳肌和鳃组织 )进行垂直板状聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离技术 ,研究江珧科的 SOD、EST同工酶酶谱 ,结果表明 ,不同种间的个体其酶谱表型有稳定的差异 ,同属的种间差异小于不同属的种间差异 ,即酶谱的差异程度与形态分类学中的亲缘关系相关。可利用其酶谱表型具有种特异性作为一种蛋白分子标记 ,应用于江珧物种尤其是经济品种的鉴定上     

不同培养条件对坛紫菜叶状体体细胞发育分化影响的研究

本文以野生坛紫菜(Porphyra hatanensis)叶状体为材料,通过海螺酶酶解获得叶状体单离体细胞,探讨了细胞密度、光照强度对坛紫菜叶状体体细胞发育分化的影响.研究结果表明:细胞密度对坛紫菜叶状体单离体细胞的分裂、出苗具有明显的影响.其中,细胞培养3～5d时,分裂率随着细胞密度的增大而降低;5d时,1×103个/孔组的分裂速度显著大于其余各组的(p＜0.05);12～19d时,随着细胞密度的增大,体细胞出苗率相应减小.光照强度对坛紫菜叶状体单离体细胞的分裂、出苗也具有显著影响.细胞培养5d时,分裂率随着光照强度的增大而增大;5-7d时,体细胞分裂速度随着光照强度增大而增大;9～19d培养期内,出苗率随着光照强度的增大而增大.本实验结果为坛紫菜转基因育种等研究提供了可资借鉴的基础资料.     

DNA分子标记技术在紫菜属中的应用现状及展望

伴随着遗传学的发展,遗传标记经历了形态学标记、细胞学标记、生化标记和DNA分子标记4个阶段。DNA分子标记诞生于20世纪80年代中期,与其他遗传标记相比,它具有如下优点：（1）直接以DNA的形式表现,在生物各个组织、各个发育阶段都可以检测到,不受季节、环境限制;（2）数量极多,遍及整个基因组;（3）多态性高,自然存在许多等位变异;（4）表现“中性”,既不影响目标性状的表达,与不良性状也没有必然的连锁;     

中国南部沿海尖头斜齿鲨遗传多样性研究

采用随机引物扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术,对中国南部沿海闽东霞浦-浙南瑞安海域(MD)、闽南-台湾浅滩渔场(MN)、粤西湛江-阳江海域(YX)、北部湾海域(BBW)4个尖头斜齿鲨地理群体遗传多样性进行分析,29个随机引物在4个群体中共检测出282个位点.4个群体各自检测出的位点数分别为273、274、272、276,其中多态位点数分别为54、57、52、45,多态位点比例分别为19.78%、20.80%、19.12%、16.30%.Shannon多样性指数分别为0.104、0.107、0.103、0.090,表明尖头斜齿鲨群体的遗传多样性水平较低.遗传距离和UPGMA聚类分析结果显示尖头斜齿鲨的基因交流模式属于距离隔离模式,遗传差异大小与地理距离远近相关.进行分子方差分析(AMOVA)得到遗传变异固定指数(Fst＝0.019,p＜0.05),显示大部分变异(98.06%)发生在群体内部,群体间变异较小(1.94%).     

基于遗传聚类算法的印度洋环境特征区划

利用全球海洋 Agro 观测计划提供的温、盐浮标资料,开展了印度洋海域水下环境特征提取与区划分析.在垂直方向运用Akima 方法对浮标剖面进行插值,提取一组表征跃层、声速场的特征指标,并针对常规模糊 C 均值聚类算法中初始聚类数难以客观选取和聚类结果易陷入局部最优等问题,利用遗传算法的全局搜索能力对聚类算法作了改进.通过在遗传进化过程中引入动态变化的聚类中心解决了聚类数难以客观确定的问题,并在该算法的生存策略中引入 Boltzmann 选择机制,提高算法的收敛速度.在对印度洋海域温、盐跃层、声速分布及层结稳定度分析的基础上,利用改进的遗传聚类方法对印度洋海域水下环境特征进行聚类区划,得到一个基本的特征分类构型,结合各类构型的典型特征,分析了对水下潜器活动、声纳探测和水声通信等的影响.     

Inheritance mode of microsatellite loci and their use for kinship analysis in the Pacific oyster （Crassostrea gigas）

Five full-sib families of the Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas) larvae were used to study the mode of inheritance at eight microsatellite loci,and the feasibility of these markers for kinship estimate was also examined.All eight microsatellite loci were compatible with Mendelian inheritance.Neither evidence of sex-linked barriers to transmission nor evidence of major barriers to fertilization between gametes from the parents was shown.Three of the eight loci showed the presence of null alleles in four families,demonstrating the need to conduct comprehensive species-specific inheritance studies for microsatellite loci used in population genetic studies.Although the null allele heterozygotes were considered as homozygotes in the calculation of genetic distance,offspring from five full-sib families were unambiguously discriminated in the neighbor-joining dendrogram.This result indicates that the microsatellite markers may be capable of discriminating between related and unrelated oyster larvae in the absence of pedigree information,and is applicable to the investigation of the effective number of parents contributing to the hatchery population of the Pacific oyster.     

海带和长海带配子体无性繁殖系微卫星DNA多态性比较分析

探讨促进海带配子体克隆资源的有效保存和合理利用途径,进行海带良种和杂交海带培育,开发了18个海带微卫星DNA标记,并用这些标记分析了海带和长海带配子体克隆的遗传多样性.这些标记相互独立,至少在1个物种中呈多态性.在36份海带配子体中,这些标记检测到的等位基因数量从2～7个不等,揭示的基因多样性在0.21(H144)和0.75(H120)之间,揭示的香农氏信息指数在0.37(H144)和1.55(H120)之间.长海带和海带的平均等位基因数(1.5/3.3),平均基因多样性(0.12/0.45)和平均香农氏信息指数(0.20/0.81)显著不同.根据总样本确定的前2个最丰富等位基因中,绝大多数的频率在长海带和海带之间存在显著差异.长海带和海带之间在基因多样性和香农氏信息指数反映的遗传多样性上的平均遗传分化分别达35.6%和36.9%.     

Inheritance mode of microsatellite loci and their use for kinship analysis in the Pacific oyster （Crassostrea gigas）

Five full-sib families of the Pacific oyster （Crassostrea gigas） larvae were used to study the mode of inheritance at eight microsatellite loci, and the feasibility of these markers for kinship estimate was also examined. All eight microsatellite loci were compatible with Mendelian inheritance. Neither evidence of sex-linked barriers to transmission nor evidence of major barriers to fertilization between gametes from the parents was shown. Three of the eight loci showed the presence of null alleles in four families, demonstrating the need to conduct comprehensive species-specific inheritance studies for microsatellite loci used in population genetic studies. Although the null allele heterozygotes were considered as homozygotes in the calculation of genetic distance, offspring from five full-sib families were unambiguously discriminated in the neighbor-joining dendrogram. This result indicates that the microsatellite markers may be capable of discriminating between related and unrelated oyster larvae in the absence of pedigree information, and is applicable to the investigation of the effective number of parents contributing to the hatchery population of the Pacific oyster.     

Characterization of defensin gene from abalone <Emphasis Type="Italic">Haliotis discus hannai</Emphasis> and its deduced protein

Defensin is one of preserved ancient host defensive materials formed in biological evolution. As a regulator and effector molecule, it is very important in animals＇ acquired immune system. This paper reports the defensin gene from the mixed liver and kidney cDNA library of abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Sequence analysis shows that the gene sequence of full-length cDNA encodes 42 mature peptides （including six Cys）, molecular weight of 4 323 Da, and pI of 8.02. Amino acid sequence homology analysis shows that the peptides are highly similar （70% in common） to other insects defensin. Because of a typical insect-defensin structural character of mature peptide in the secondary structure, the polypeptide named Haliotis discus defensin （hd-def）, a novel of antimicrobial peptides, belongs to insects defensin subfamily. The RT-PCR result of Haliotis discus defensin shows that the gene can be expressed only in the hepatopancreas by Gram-negative and positive bacteria stimulation, which is ascribed to inducible expression. Therefore, it is revealed that the Haliotis discus defensin gene expression was related to the antibacterial infection of Haliotis discus hannai Ino.