喜马拉雅造山带的地壳上地幔结构——近震反射观测结果

2002-2005年完成了穿越喜马拉雅山的宽频地震探测,采用了沿剖面紧密排列的台站布置并获得了近震中的反射波资料,这对地壳和岩石圈内部速度界面的研究有重要意义.地震数据及研究结果表明,青藏高原的地震主要发生于上地壳范围内,高原莫霍面反射波的纵波PmP与横波SmS波至清晰可辨且有很强的能量,在跨越雅鲁藏布江时PmP和SmS均发生了错动,表现为北深南浅.在改则至鲁谷沿线所记录到的发生在拉萨地块的Fw21事件的地震数据中,拉萨地块内部的莫霍面反射波,尤其是SmS波至非常清晰连续,地壳纵波平均速度为Vp=6.3km/s,表明拉萨地块内部Moho面平坦、连续,不存在突起与错位.在此Moho面之前出现壳内较强反射界面,埋深45kin可能正是下地壳的顶界面.P208事件中PmP和SmS均清晰可见,然而在距震中450km及其以远地段存在两个清晰的震相PLt及SLt,并且其能量很强,可能是位于160km深处的岩石圈底界面的反映.根据对近震资料的分析研究,本文建立了该地区的地壳上地幔的结构模型.     

吉林南部通化二道江剖面新元古界万隆组臼齿构造及其沉积特征

吉林南部通化二道江剖面新元古界万隆组广泛发育缓坡碳酸盐岩沉积,其中发育的一种特殊的碳酸盐岩——臼齿碳酸盐岩,近年来引起了中国乃至世界各国地质学家的重视。通过对野外露头的详细观察和描述、室内薄片观察、扫描电镜、能谱分析等测试手段,揭示了二道江剖面万隆组的地层、岩石、臼齿构造(MT)及沉积岩相和沉积环境特征。臼齿构造是特指那些发育在前寒武纪细粒碳酸盐岩中有清晰边界、粒度在0·01mm左右的由等轴或多边形的微亮晶方解石组成的集合体,其形态可分为条带状构造、瘤状构造及棱角碎块状构造。臼齿构造的形成严格受沉积岩相和沉积环境的控制。万隆组由下而上可分为3段第1段下部为发育臼齿构造的纹层状泥晶灰岩、砂屑灰岩及风暴砾屑灰岩,为中—深缓坡沉积环境的产物;上部由浅缓坡相的泥灰岩、钙质页岩、砂屑灰岩与叠层石灰岩组成;第2段为厚层泥晶灰岩和粉屑泥晶灰岩、瘤状灰岩组成的深缓坡相沉积;第3段本剖面未出露。万隆组形成于缓坡沉积环境,其中浅缓坡相可分为4种岩相组合,中缓坡相可分为11种岩相组合,深缓坡相有6种岩相组合。     

近钻头随钻伽马成像系统研制及应用

为解决常规地质导向系统测量盲区大、地层响应滞后等问题,采用方位伽马成像测井和无线电磁波通讯一体化设计,研制近钻头随钻伽马成像系统.该系统集成近钻头伽马成像探测短节、井下无线电磁波短传子系统和地面实时成像导向软件等,具有测量零长短、方位成像精度高、无线电磁波传输距离远等特点.现场应用结果表明:在保证测量、施工工艺等稳定性...     

海岸沙丘近表层粒度对台风的响应

根据“麦德姆”强台风登陆前后福建平潭岛海岸前丘、爬坡沙丘、横向沙丘和海岸沙席等海岸沙丘近表层的粒度数据,分析了台风登陆前后典型海岸沙丘近表层粒径组成与粒度参数的变化,初步总结了海岸沙丘近表层粒度对台风的响应特征。整体而言,平潭岛海岸沙丘在“麦德姆”登陆前后近表层的粒度变化较小,对台风的响应变化不大且基本无等级性的差别,但海岸沙丘不同类型及不同部位的响应程度并不一致,主要是由海岸沙丘沙与海滩沙粒度的相近性及台风过程中大风的非选择性风蚀所致,同时也受到不同类型沙丘的形态和规模等的影响。     

近34 a青藏高原年降水变化及其分区

 对高原地区34 a（1971—2004年）82站共13 883 d的逐日降水量资料进行了统计,用REOF方法进行了分区,并讨论了趋势变化。青藏高原地区属季风降水区,在东亚季风、印度季风、高原季风和西风带系统的影响下,降水的局部特征显著。近34 a来高原上的降水量整体呈增加趋势,从20世纪70年代到90年代初期降水变化不大,90年代中后期开始明显增加,尤其是近3 a增加明显。青藏高原干旱地区降水完全取决于夏季降水量,并且降水的相对变率大。从青藏高原地区年降水的分区情况来看,西藏及四川的西南部降水增加最明显,每10 a增加幅度为54.5 mm,其次是青海的柴达木盆地和青海湖地区及甘肃的河西走廊地区。而青海的东部及三江源地区,祁连山区,四川的西北部地区呈减少趋势。高原上高海拔地区的降水在减少,而低海拔地区在增加。     

单体“海大1号”长牡蛎苗种室内人工培育模式的优化

为提高单体“海大1号”长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)的培育效率,本研究以3种培育模式(下降流、上升流和静水)、6个水流量梯度(20、35、50、65、80和95 mL/s)和6个培育密度梯度(2.5、5、7.5、10、12.5和15个/mL)对单体“海大1号”长牡蛎苗种中间培育生长情况进行了研究。研究表明,单体“海大1号”长牡蛎苗种中间培育时,上升流和下降流均比静水培育效果好,培育前5天采用下降流、第6~29天采用上升流时,稚贝生长快、死亡率低;水流量小于65 mL/s时,随水流量的增加,稚贝生长加快,死亡率降低,水流量在65~80 mL/s时,单体牡蛎稚贝生长存活最优,第29天时最大壳高达(1534.81±65.23)μm。单体“海大1号”长牡蛎稚贝苗种中间培育时,随着培育密度的增大,挤迫效应逐渐显现,密度为7.5个/mL时,死亡率相对较低,且稚贝生长速度快,在第29天时稚贝壳高最大可达(1520.63±51.72)μm。基于以上研究结果,建议在规模化单体“海大1号”长牡蛎稚贝中间培育时,采用上升流和下降流相结合的流水培育方式,适当增加水流量,及时疏散密度。本研究优化了单体“海大1号”长牡蛎室内培育模式,为单体牡蛎规模化培育提供了参考方法和理论依据。     

声学多普勒流速剖面仪近底有效流速数据处理初步研究

通过分析声学多普勒流速剖面仪(Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler,ADCP)的声强垂向剖面分布特征,利用数学极值定理,确定床面边界位置,进而确定出ADCP记录的所有在水中的流速单元,将ADCP处理软件"丢弃"的部分近底流速数据或由于底跟踪丢失而损失的流速数据确定出来。利用"六点法"同时、同高度的电磁海流计流速数据对提取出来的ADCP近底流速数据进行验证。验证结果表明,提取出来的ADCP近底流速数据可信、可用。     

Effects of Salinity on Embryonic Development,Survival, and Growth of Crassostrea hongkongensis

This study examined the effects of salinity on embryonic development,survival,and growth of the Hong Kong oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis.The embryos,larvae,and juveniles of C.hongkongensis were held in artificial seawater at three different salinities （low,15; medium,23; and high,30） to determine the optimum hatchery and nursery conditions for mass production of the seeds.Results showed that the percentage production of straight-hinged larvae from fertilized eggs was significantly lower at the high salinity than at the low-and medium-salinities （P ＜ 0.05）.The survival rates of larvae and juveniles differed significantly among the three salinity trials,with the highest survival rate observed at the low salinity （P＜ 0.05）.The shell height of larvae was significantly larger at the low salinity than at the high and medium salinities from days 9 to 15 （P＜ 0.05）,whereas that of juveniles was significantly larger at the low salinity than at the high and medium salinities on day 70 （P ＜ 0.05）.These results indicate that the larvae and juveniles of C.hongkongensis are tolerant to a wide range of salinities （15 to 30）,but show better growth and survival at relatively low salinities.Thus,it is recommended to use relatively low salinities in hatchery and nursery systems for improved yields of C.hongkongensis.     

The variation characteristics and effect factors of surface ozone concentration in the Taklimakan Desert hinterland

Based on automatic continuous surface ozone concentration observation data from June 10, 2010 to March 20, 2012 in the Taklimakan Desert hinterland, combined with corresponding meteorological data, the temporal, seasonal and daily variation characteristics of surface ozone concentrations under different weather conditions were analyzed. At the same time, the main fac- tors affecting ozone variation are discussed. Results show that： （1） Daily variation of ozone concentration was characterized by one obvious peak, with gentle changes during the night and dramatic changes during the day. The lowest concentration was at 09：00 and the highest was at 18：00. Compared to urban areas, there was a slight time delay. （2） Ozone concentration variation had a weekend effect phenomenon. Weekly variation of ozone concentration decreased from Monday to Wednesday with the lowest in Wednesday, and increased after Thursday with the highest in Sunday. （3） The highest monthly average concentration was 89.6 I.tg/m3 in June 2010, and the lowest was 32.0 ~g/m3 in January 2012. Ozone concentration reduced month by month from June to December in 2010. （4） Ozone concentration in spring and summer was higher than in autumn and winter. The variation trend agreed with those in other large and medium-sized cities. （5） Under four different types of weather, daily ozone concentration var- ied most dramatically in sunny days, followed by slight variation in rain days, and varied gently in cloudy days. Ozone concentra- tion varied inconspicuously before a sandstorm appearance, and dropped rapidly at the onset of a sandstorm. （6） Daily variation of radiation was also characterized by a single peak, and the variation was significantly earlier than ozone concentration variation. Sun radiation intensity had a direct influence on the photochemical reaction speed, leading to variation of ozone concentration. （7） Daily average ozone concentration in dust weather was higher than in slight rain and clear days. The variation of near surface ozone concentration could also be affected by meteorological factors such as relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction and sunshine hours. Thus, numerous factors working together led to ozone pollution.     

图们江流域的区域国际合作开发模式

图们江下游地区地处东北亚的中央部位,中、俄、朝三国毗邻,是东北亚地区实现水平分工与垂直分工的交汇点,是未来新亚欧大陆桥的东端起点,俄、朝的港口群与广阔的中国东北地区和俄西怕利亚与远东的腹地紧密相连,在世界经济一体化和区域集团化不断发展的当今世界,多国合作与联合开发则是图们江下街区域开发的最佳模式选择,跨国自由经济贸易区是其最高的地域组织形式,为此,需要依据经济区域的发展规律,不断协调地缘经济关系,促进这一跨世纪工程早日实现。