利用Adobe Photoshop对悬沙颗粒图像预处理

利用光学悬浮沙粒径谱仪现场拍摄的悬沙颗粒图像具有两个特点:1、边缘亮度不均匀:2、边缘不清晰。为了测量颗粒粒径,需要做边缘提取。由于悬沙颗粒的上述两个特点,二值化后的颗粒图像容易产生边缘失真和边缘不闭合现象,为了解决这个问题,文中介绍利用Adobe Photoshop对悬沙颗粒的预处理。     

海洋微藻多糖微波提取法研究

选取自养小球藻(Chlorella autotrophica)为实验材料,采用微波法提取多糖,以温度、时间、pH以及微波功率4个因子建立正交实验,考察单因素影响情况。实验结果表明,在温度70℃、时间30min、pH为7、功率为600W条件下粗多糖的产率最高,为291.13mg/g(粗多糖/干重),远高于传统热水浸提法所得粗多糖产率(78.52mg/g,粗多糖/干重),且所得粗多糖与热水浸提法获得的粗多糖具有相似的红外光谱。说明,在一定的实验条件下,与热水浸提法相比,微波提取法不仅不会破坏多糖的结构,还有耗时短、有较高的多糖产率的优势。     

Methods Comparison for Microsatellite Marker Development： Different Isolation Methods, Different Yield Efficiency

Microsatellite markers have become one kind of the most important molecular tools used in various researches. A large number of microsatellite markers are required for the whole genome survey in the fields of molecular ecology, quantitative genetics and genomics. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to select several versatile, low-cost, efficient and time- and labor-saving methods to develop a large panel of microsatellite markers. In this study, we used Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri) as the target species to compare the efficiency of the five methods derived from three strategies for microsatellite marker development. The results showed that the strategy of constructing small insert genomic DNA library resulted in poor efficiency, while the microsatellite-enriched strategy highly improved the isolation efficiency. Although the mining public database strategy is time- and cost-saving, it is difficult to obtain a large number of microsatellite markers, mainly due to the limited sequence data of non-model species deposited in public databases. Based on the results in this study, we recommend two methods, microsatellite-enriched library construction method and FIASCO-colony hybridization method, for large-scale microsatellite marker development. Both methods were derived from the mi-crosatellite-enriched strategy. The experimental results obtained from Zhikong scallop also provide the reference for microsatellite marker development in other species with large genomes.     

人工育珠对三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)遗传基因影响的初步研究

采用酚-氯仿和试剂盒两种提取法对三角帆蚌怀珠群与非怀珠群各6个个体进行基因组DNA的提取,然后在优化RAPD(随机扩增多态性DNA)检测条件基础上,从80个随机引物中筛选出12个扩增较好且多态性强的引物进行RAPD扩增,产物通过水平板琼脂糖凝胶电泳和垂直板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳两种方法进行检验并对DNA的多态性进行分析。结果显示在怀珠群和非怀珠群检测到的位点数、多态位点比例、平均Shannon多态性信息指数、平均Nei's基因多样性指数、群体内个体间平均遗传相似率和平均遗传距离分别为100、33%、0.1927、0.1324、0.904、0.096,95、47.37%、0.2711、0.1879、0.861、0.139,群体间的平均遗传距离为0.821,非怀珠群的变异性大于怀珠群;本研究还获得了两群体各自的特异扩增谱带及两群体间表达差异较大谱带,这些位点很可能是由人工育珠所引起。根据MEGA4.0软件的UPGMA和NJ程序构建的分子系统树可直观地将两群体分开。     

基于矢-栅混合数据的线目标缓冲区构建

结合矢量、栅格数据各自的优点,提出一种以矢栅混合数据为基础的线目标缓冲构建方法.首先创建垂直平分与线状目标的扫描线集合,然后对此欠量扫描线集合进行栅格化,从而获取栅格目标矩阵图.在提取边界后采用均值滤波、化简以及光滑技术最终生成缓冲区矢壁边界线,避免矢量数据复杂求交以及栅格数据边界失真问题.最后以洛阳某城市规划系统为例,实现城市道路集的缓冲.     

西北冰洋表层沉积物中重金属的赋存形态研究

用连续提取法对选自西北冰洋的32个表层沉积物进行分析,测定了Cr、Cu、Pb在全样中及其在P1-2、P3、P4、P5中的含量.结果表明随着离岸距离增加,水深加深,Cr、Cu、Pb含量呈增高的趋势.研究区陆架沉积物中Cr、Cu、Pb含量分别为60.66、14.77、16.65μg/g;深海沉积物中Cr、Cu、Pb的含量分别为80.40、41.70、25.62μg/g.元素赋存形态分析表明,Cr、Cu、Pb主要赋存在残渣态,残渣态中三元素的含量平均值分别为64.97、19.67、17.56μg/g,占元素总量的比例分别为93.58%、75.02%和83.76%.三元素在各赋存形态中的含量分布是:Cu为残渣态>有机质和硫化物态>铁锰氧化态>可交换及碳酸盐态;Pb和Cr则为残渣态>铁锰氧化物态>有机质硫化物态>可交换态及碳酸盐态.研究区重金属元素在不同赋存形态中的含量分布与北太平洋深海沉积物中类似.     

Characterization of marine microplankton communities of Qingdao coastal areas using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA（RAPD）

Microplankton communities of three coastal sites of Qingdao, Shandong Province, China were investigated using RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) molecular markers and morphological observations. Eight RAPD-primers were selected to amplify the DNA polymorphy. The genetic distances inferred from the pairwise similari-ties were calculated for the phylogenetic tree construction. Meantime, the traditional microscopic determination, a way of visualizing the species composition, was performed to detect the major taxa of microplanktons from all samples. Results showed that: (1) the band sharing index values were in the range of 0. 504 2-0. 763 2 among samples from the same sampling site at different time scales, while 0.406 5-0.685 7 among the samples from different stations at the same time scales, indicating that spatial variations of microplankton communities were more pronounced than temporal ones; (2) samples from the same station basically clustered together, cor-responding to the geographic distribution of the sampling sites; (3) diversity derived from genetic and morpho-logical data did not correspond with each other well.     

基于天绘一号卫星多光谱影像的海岸线自动提取方法

针对常规人工海岸线测量方法耗费人力物力、效率低、工作环境相对危险,难以快速反映海岸线动态变化的问题,提出一种基于天绘一号卫星多光谱影像的海岸线自动提取与分类方法。所提方法首先结合NDWI指数和水平集模型实现全自动水边线提取,然后采用面向对象分割技术和空间拓扑关系提取临海地物基元,最后结合遥感影像海岸线解译标志建立决策树完成临海基元的分类与海岸线提取。实验表明,海岸线提取结果能够作为1∶2.5万海图测制与更新的参考数据。