2008年1月26日南京暴雪中尺度风场结构双雷达反演研究

由于冷暖空气持续交汇于长江中下游地区,2008年1月25—29日,南京地区普降大到暴雪。为揭示此次暴雪的形成机理和中尺度三维结构特征,利用南京-马鞍山双多普勒天气雷达时间同步体积扫描数据对1月26日的暴雪进行三维风场反演,研究了暴雪的三维动力结构。结果表明,此次暴雪的低层有β中尺度气旋性切变线和β中尺度涡旋活动,有利于气流抬升和水汽辐合,这对于降雪的维持和发展非常重要;中低层有较强烈的风垂直切变,这为暴雪的持续提供了动力条件。      

Impact of land use changes on surface warming in China

Land use changes such as urbanization, agriculture, pasturing, deforestation, desertification and irrigation can change the land surface heat flux directly, and also change the atmospheric circulation indirectly, and therefore affect the local temperature. But it is difficult to separate their effects from climate trends such as greenhouse-gas effects. Comparing the decadal trends of the observation station data with those of the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis (NNR) data provides a good method to separate the effects because the NNR is insensitive to land surface changes. The effects of urbanization and other land use changes over China are estimated by using the difference between the station and the NNR surface temperature trends. Our results show that urbanization and other land use changes may contribute to the observed 0.12℃ (10 yr)- 1 increase for daily mean surface temperature, and the 0.20℃ (10 yr)- 1 and 0.03℃ (10 yr)-1 increases for the daily minimum and maximum surface temperatures, respectively. The urban heat island effect and the effects of other land-use changes mayalso play an important role in the diurnal temperature range change. The spatial pattern of the differences in trends shows a marked heterogeneity.The land surface degradation such as deforestation and desertification due to human activities over northern China, and rapidly-developed urbanization over southern China, may have mostly contributed to the increases at stations north of about 38°N and in Southeast China, respectively. Furthermore, the vegetation cover increase due to irrigation and fertilization may have contributed to the decreasing trend of surface temperature over the lower Yellow River Basin. The study illustrates the possible impacts of land use changes on surface temperature over China.     

三维GIS环境下的地质体可视化和特征分析

地质体的三维可视化建模是三维GIS研究的一个重要方向,具有重要的应用价值.三维GIS环境下的地质体可视化的两个关键方面是地质体的表面模拟和可视化实现,文章介绍了地质体三维可视化的基本框架,以带约束Deluanay剖分法为例阐述了地质体表面模拟的原理和方法,并从取景变换、消隐、光照模型、纹理映射等方面论述了可视化的具体实现方法.最后以西部某铜矿为例,建立了三维可视化地质体模型(一个地层矿体综合模型和一个矿体三维模型),阐述了三维可视化建模的基本过程和方法,并对两个模型进行了地质特征分析.     

三棱柱形网格下自由表面流的三维数值模拟

为了模拟自由表面流动问题,建立了基于三棱柱形网格的三维Navier-Stokes方程的半隐式动压离散模型。出流边界采用在动量方程右端附加线性衰减项的海绵层处理方式来消减波能。引入k-ε双方程紊流模型求解涡黏性系数,使方程达到封闭。用规则周期波通过淹没障碍物的传播变形和复合明渠流动算例,验证了当遇到短波高频问题时,所述模型模拟结果与测量值吻合良好,体现了模型的精确性和有效性。     

基于LBGK方法的粘性流体晃动问题大涡模拟

LBGK结合大涡紊流模型方法应用于粘性流体运动的数值模拟,并在LBGK方法中引入VOF概念,用于跟踪自由表面的运动.利用这种方法计算了贮液容器中粘性流体的自由晃动以及非线性激励下的一阶模态晃动,得到了侧壁上压强分布,并拟合了压力和弯距的估算公式.分析和实践表明,该方法对带自由表面不可压缩流体的数值模拟具有较高的精度.     

海南岛附近区域热带气旋低层风场的变化特征

利用1979~2015年JTWC(Joint Typhoon Warning Center)最佳路径资料(2001~2015年资料用于台风风圈结构分析)及ERA-interim(0.5°×0.5°)再分析数据,统计分析我国海南岛附近区域(15.5°N~23.5°N,106°E~116°E)热带气旋(Tropical Cyclone,简称TC)低层风场的变化特征。结果表明:(1)年均5.5个TC于4~12月主要以西偏北路径进入该区域,其中海南岛东南侧海域TC出现频率最高且强TC比例最多,而岛西北区域出现频率最低,强TC比例最少。(2)TC中心位于海南岛不同方位时,其外围低层风场分布具有不同的非对称特征,且大风出现比率也各有差异;TC中心位于海南岛上时出现大风比率最高,位于岛南侧时次之,位于岛北侧时最小。(3)该区域TC平均最大风速半径(RMW)为58.3 km;TC位于岛上时RMW最大,而位于岛西南侧最小。(4)TC近中心最大风速由海上向陆地急剧减小,其高值中心主要位于雷州半岛东侧及西侧海域。(5)研究区域内TC的34节风圈半径在TC环流的东侧大而西侧小,强TC大而弱TC小。(6)不同区域TC变形程度有所差异。平均而言,位于岛西南侧TC变形最大而位于岛东南侧时变形最小。     

Image relaxation matching based on feature points for DSM generation

In photogrammetry and remote sensing, image matching is a basic and crucial process for automatic DEM generation. In this paper we presented a image relaxation matching method based on feature points. This method can be considered as an extention of regular grid point based matching. It avoids the shortcome of grid point based matching. For example, with this method, we can avoid low or even no texture area where errors frequently appear in cross correlaton matching. In the mean while, it makes full use of some mature techniques such as probability relaxation, image pyramid and the like which have already been successfully used in grid point matching process. Application of the technique to DEM generaton in different regions proved that it is more reasonable and reliable.     

月球表面主要矿物反射光谱特性研究

分析了矿物在可见光及近红外区光谱生成的机理,介绍了月球表面最为主要的四种矿物——辉石、斜长石、橄榄石、钛铁矿,并分析了它们各自光谱特征及生成原因,讨论了造成同种矿物光谱差异的原因,给出了它们各自的标志性特征。     

载人登“火星”迈出第一步模拟火星飞船实施“火星-500”实验

在经历了260天的“密闭飞行”后,2011年2月18日,身穿32千克白色模拟火星服（经改装的海鹰-E）的中国志愿者王跃与俄罗斯志愿者斯莫列耶夫斯基一起走出位于俄罗斯生物医学问题研究所的的模拟火星登陆舱,成功踏上模拟火星表面,在“火星”上首次留下了中国人的足迹。     

An analysis of the radar backscatter from oil-covered sea surfaces using moment method and Monte-Carlo simulation: preliminary results

An analysis of the radar backscattering from the ocean surface covered by oil spill is presented using a microwave scattering model and Monte-Carlo simulation. In the analysis, a one-dimensional rough sea surface is numerically generated with an ocean waveheight spectrum for a given wind velocity. A two-layered medium is then generated by adding a thin oil layer on the simulated rough sea surface. The electric fields backscattered from the sea surface with two-layered medium are computed with the method of moments (MoM), and the backscattering coefficients are statistically obtained with N independent samples for each oil-spilled surface using the Monte-Carlo technique for various conditions of surface roughness, oil-layer thickness, frequency, polarization and incidence angle. The numerical simulation results are compared with theoretical models for clean sea surfaces and SAR images of an oil-spilled sea surface caused by the Hebei (Hebei province, China) Spirit oil tanker in 2007. Further, conditions for better oil spill extraction are sought by the numerical simulation on the effects of wind speed and oil-layer thickness at different incidence angles on the backscattering coefficients.