2019年十大太空故事

2019年见证了太空领域所取得的多项突破。在太阳系内,一个探测器对小行星表面之下的物质进行了采样;天文学家对海王星存档图像的仔细筛查发现了它迄今最小的卫星。此前对冥王星进行了近距离探访的探测器又飞过了另一个更为遥远的天体,为了解行星演化的历史打开了新的窗口。一个新的探测器着陆到了火星上,意在首次了解火星表面之下正在发生些什么。     

局部表面参数化的实景三角网模型语义增强方法

倾斜摄影测量方法已可自动获取城市规模的实景三角网模型,然而散乱的三角网缺乏精细的几何结构和功能语义信息。为克服上述问题,提出一种局部表面参数化的实景三角网模型语义增强方法:将具有语义信息的独立三维部件与实景三角网模型的无缝融合问题,通过定义三维表面结构树,转换为局部区域的三角网替换操作;在待融合区域附近,将原实景三角网模型和替换的三维语义部件,通过局部参数化表达,UV展开为二维平面三角网;在二维平面上构建约束Delaunay三角网(CDT),实现两模型的无缝拼接,逆映射至三维空间并自动重建语义部件。通过深圳某区域的倾斜影像进行的试验证明,本文方法能有效实现具有开放边界和语义信息的部件模型与表面模型的无缝融合。与商业软件Maya对比,这种基于插入、融合的手段对提高建模效率具有实用价值。     

表面增暖形态决定了全球水汽加温度直减率反馈的不确定性

气候反馈通常是利用与全球平均表面温度升高相关的辐射效应变化来评估的。但是反馈的不确定性不仅仅是全球平均表面温度升高的函数。全球气候模式的预测表明,海表面温度变化的地域不同,给区域尺度上的大气环流和降水响应带来了重大不确定性。在本文中我们证明了表面增暖的空间格局是造成水汽-直减率综合反馈的不确定性的主要因素。基于运用辐射核理论计算的31个气候模型中,气温和相对湿度变化的全球平均辐射效应证明了这一观点。我们的结果突出了区域气候变化对气候反馈不确定性的重要贡献,并确定了世界上限制表面增暖形态对提高气候预测能力最有效的区域。     

Cl原子在γ-TiAl(111)表面吸附的第一性原理研究

基于密度泛函理论,在广义梯度近似下研究了Cl在γ-TiAl(111)表面的吸附.计算结果表明:γ-TiAl(111)表面的面心立方位置(fcc)和六角密排位置(hcp)为Cl吸附的稳定位置,当覆盖度Θ小于一个单层(ML)时,Cl原子倾向于吸附在γ-TiAl(111)表面近邻为多Ti的位置.电子结构分析发现,Cl原子同表面金属原子形成较强的离子键,并且成键具有一定的方向性.当Cl原子和O原子共同在γ-TiAl(111)表面吸附时,二者都趋     

一种新型三维水流数值模型

以不可压缩流体的N-S方程为基本控制方程,用快速粒子level set方法(FPLS)追踪自由表面,提出了一种新的三维水流数值模型。在自由表面处应用虚拟压力法来封闭压力泊松方程,同时用速度等值外插的方法构造自由表面外侧的虚拟速度分布。通过模拟水波振荡、水柱崩塌、水滴滴落和空箱注水过程证明了模型的有效性。     

纳米金表面修饰与表面等离子体共振传感器的相互作用研究

For a quantitative analysis of the detection performance of wavelength surface plasmon resonance sensor after the introduction of absorbing thin films, a mathematical model was established for the wavelength SPR biosensor. Based on absorption theory of dispersive media, the distribution of electromagnetic field in each film outside the prism is calculated. The results show that, after introducing the absorbing thin films, electromagnetic field energy distribution in each layer out of the prism surfaces was changed, the metal film contribution on the resonance absorption was reduced, which increases the half wave width of SPR curve and the minimum reflection coefficient, so the optimal film thickness of metal film was also changed. Then the effect of colloidal gold and immunogold on SPR biosensor has been theoretically and experimentally verified. The result shows that, compared with the 48 nm gold film SPR sensor, the sensitivity increases 1.5 times when 45nm gold film is surface-modified with 10nm nano-gold.     

自转向酸酸化体系的室内研究及现场应用

长庆三叠系油藏非均质性强,微裂缝发育,常规酸化时酸液易进入高渗带或微裂缝,进一步扩大出水通道,酸化后含水大幅度上升。针对这一问题,研制出一种新型黏弹性表面活性剂SUA-3—Gemini季铵盐自转向酸液体系,由于SUA-3分子结构中含有两个烷基和两个季铵盐,所以用其配置的胶束流体具有良好的黏弹性。该体系在60℃时与碳酸钙反应过程中黏度能迅速达到460 mPa·s,待体系pH值升高到6时,遇油黏度迅速降低至78 mPa·s,在地层中能够形成自转向,达到均匀布酸,自动破胶的目的。在现场进行了初步的应用,增产效果显著。     

Variability of surface velocity in the Kuroshio Current and adjacent waters derived from Argos drifter buoys and satellite altimeter data

By combining Argos drifter buoys and TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data, the time series of sea-surface velocity fields in the Kuroshio Current (KC) and adjacent regions are established. And the variability of the KC from the Luzon Strait to the Tokara Strait is studied based on the velocity fields. The results show that the dominant variability period varies in different segments of the KC: The primary period near the Luzon Strait and to the east of Taiwan Island is the intra-seasonal time scale; the KC on the continental shelf of the ECS is the steadiest segment without obvious periodicity, while the Tokara Strait shows the period of seasonal variability. The diverse periods are caused by the Rossby waves propagating from the interior ocean, with adjustments in topography of island chain and local wind stress. Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, Nos. 2007CB411804, 2005CB422303), the NSFC (No. 40706006), the Key Project of International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of China (No. 2006DFB21250) and the “111 Project” (B07036), the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NECT-07-0781)     

Development of a new index for integrating landscape patterns with ecological processes at watershed scale

Understanding the relationship between landscape patterns and ecological processes has been a central yet challenging research theme in landscape ecology. Over the past decades, many landscape metrics have been proposed but few directly incorporated ecological processes. In this paper, we developed a landscape index, namely, location-weighted landscape index (LWLI) to highlight the role of landscape type in ecological processes, such as nutrient losses and soil erosion. Within the framework of the Lorenz curve theory, we develop this index by integrating landscape pattern and point-based measurements at a watershed scale. The index can be used to characterize the contribution of landscape pattern to ecological processes (e.g. nutrient losses) with respect to a specific monitoring point in a watershed. Through a case study on nutrient losses in an agricultural area in northeastern China, we found that nutrient losses tended to be higher for a watershed with a higher LWLI value, and vice versa. It implied that LWLI can be used to evaluate the potential risk of nutrient losses or soil erosion by comparing their values across watersheds. In addition, this index can be extended to characterize ecological processes, such as the effect of landscape pattern on wildlife inhabitation and urban heat island effect. Finally, we discuss several problems that should be paid attention to when applying this index to a heterogeneous landscape site.     

表面改性的C-18硅胶吸附剂萃取水中的雌激素

为了有效富集水体中的痕量雌激素(雌酮、雌二醇、雌三醇、雌炔醇),对常用的C-18硅胶颗粒表面进行了改性.将含疏水烷基的20碳烷或25碳烷加入到C-18硅胶吸附剂中,通过正交试验选择改性作用的最佳条件.用填有上述改性填料的SUPELCO小柱富集水中的雌激素,浓缩后的目标组分经TFA或MSTFA衍生化后进行GC-FID色谱分析,并采用GC-MS法测定了河水中的雌激素含量.结果表明,C20与C25的添加量为120 μL/50 μL时,C-18硅胶吸附剂富集水体中痕量雌激素的能力大为提高,回收率为80%～120%.