青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统表观量子产额和表观最大光合速率的确定

高寒草甸是青藏高原广泛分布的植被类型,面积约1.2×106km2,位于青藏高原腹地的西藏当雄县即是典型分布区之一.以2003年生长季在当雄草原站用涡度相关法连续观测的CO2通量数据为基础,分析了净生态系统二氧化碳交换量(NEE)与光合有效辐射(PAR)之间的关系,及其表观量子产额(α)和表观最大光合速率(Pmax)在生长季中的变化特征.结果表明:白天的NEE与PAR之间符合很好的直角双曲线关系;α随生长季依次为草盛期>草盛初期>种子成熟期>枯黄期,最大为0.0244μmolCO2·μmol?1PAR,最小仅0.0098μmolCO2·μmol?1PAR;Pmax在草盛初期、草盛期、种子成熟期变化不大,平均0.433mgCO2·m?2·s?1(9.829μmolCO2·m?2·s?1),在枯黄期仅0.35mgCO2·m?2·s?1(7.945μmolCO2·m?2·s?1).青藏高原高寒草甸的α值与世界上其他的草原生态系统相比,明显偏小.     

大连港外海域船舶尾迹光学特征研究

通过大连港外海上实验测量船舶含气泡尾迹表观光学特征(如离水辐亮度、遥感反射率),分析了尾迹气泡对极度混浊的Ⅱ类水体海水表观光学特征的影响.实验结果证明:无论在可见光还是近红外波段,尾迹气泡都增强了海水表观光学量,如"耘海"船尾迹遥感反射率在可见光波段相对背景海水提高了50%,在近红外波段相对提高了159%.数据分析结果表明在此种水体中,气泡使得尾迹海水水色变黄,而不是在Ⅰ类水体中使水色变绿.随着观测点在尾迹中的位置靠近目标船,气泡数密度不断增加,遥感反射率也随之增强.     

肉骨粉添加微胶囊蛋氨酸替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾生长、饲料表观消化率及体成分的影响

选用均初始体质量为0.91 g的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)540尾,随机分为6个处理组,每组设3个重复,每个重复30尾。用肉骨粉(meat and bone meal,MBM)替代日粮中0、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%的鱼粉,分别添加不同梯度微胶囊蛋氨酸(microencapsulated DL-methionine,MM)配制成6种等氮饲料投喂凡纳滨对虾55 d。结果表明:MBM添加MM替代60%鱼粉对对虾增重率和SGR无显著影响(P0.05),对虾对各试验饲料的饲料系数和蛋白质效率无显著影响(P0.05),而替代80%和100%鱼粉对对虾增重率、SGR、饲料系数和蛋白质效率有显著影响(P0.05);MBM添加MM替代鱼粉后对对虾体成分、体氨基酸含量和蛋白质含量无明显影响(P0.05)。在MBM高水平替代鱼粉饲料中添加MM可通过平衡对虾饲料必需氨基酸,提高了对虾对饲料的表观消化率,而不影响对虾的生长和体营养成分,降低了对虾饲料的成本。     

Methods Comparison for Microsatellite Marker Development： Different Isolation Methods, Different Yield Efficiency

Microsatellite markers have become one kind of the most important molecular tools used in various researches. A large number of microsatellite markers are required for the whole genome survey in the fields of molecular ecology, quantitative genetics and genomics. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to select several versatile, low-cost, efficient and time- and labor-saving methods to develop a large panel of microsatellite markers. In this study, we used Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri) as the target species to compare the efficiency of the five methods derived from three strategies for microsatellite marker development. The results showed that the strategy of constructing small insert genomic DNA library resulted in poor efficiency, while the microsatellite-enriched strategy highly improved the isolation efficiency. Although the mining public database strategy is time- and cost-saving, it is difficult to obtain a large number of microsatellite markers, mainly due to the limited sequence data of non-model species deposited in public databases. Based on the results in this study, we recommend two methods, microsatellite-enriched library construction method and FIASCO-colony hybridization method, for large-scale microsatellite marker development. Both methods were derived from the mi-crosatellite-enriched strategy. The experimental results obtained from Zhikong scallop also provide the reference for microsatellite marker development in other species with large genomes.     

The Effect of Temperature on Growth and Energy Budget of the Polychaete,Neanthes japonica Izuka

Growth and energy budget of the polychaete, Neanthesjaponica, at various temperatures (17, 20, 23, 26 and 29 ℃) were investigated in this study. The growth, as indicated by final dry weight and specific growth rate (SGR), increased with increasing temperature, with the maximum level at 26℃, and then decreased significantly at 29℃. A similar trend was observed in feeding rate, food conversion efficiency (FCE) and apparent digestive rate (ADR). However, no significant differences were detected in ADR among all the temperature treatments. In the pattern of energy allocation, faeces energy was only a small component of energy budget and had little influence on the proportion of food energy allocated to growth. The metabolic energy accounted for a large portion of energy intake for each temperature treatment. The nitrogen excretion was appreciable with changing temperature. The two expendi-ture terms (respiration energy and excretion energy) in energy budget were the major factors influencing the proportion of food en-ergy allocated to growth. These results revealed that temperature affected the growth of N. japonica mainly by influencing feeding rate and FCE. In addition, regression equations describing the relationship between feeding rate, faecal production, SGR, FCE and temperature were obtained. The optimum temperatures for feeding rate, FCE and SGR were estimated at 25.01 ℃, 24.24℃ and 24.73 ℃, respectively, from the regression equations.     

牡蛎的遗传育种研究进展

牡蛎肉味鲜美,营养丰富,是世界重要海水贝类养殖对象之一.随着各种生物技术在水产领域的广泛应用,牡蛎的遗传育种工作也备受重视,尤其自Stanley[1]首次人工诱导美洲牡蛎(Crassostrea virginica)三倍体成功以来,大大加快了对牡蛎的遗传学背景和育种进程的研究步伐.笔者就牡蛎遗传育种研究的现状综述如下:     

盐湖溶液热化学(Ⅳ) Li_2B_4O_7—Li_2SO_4—LiCl—H_2O体系298.15K时稀释热、热容和表观摩尔热焓的研究

用连续滴定量热法测定了四元体系Li_2B_4O_7—Li_2SO_4—LiCl—H_2O及其次级体系Li_2B_4O_7—Li_2SO_4—H_2O和Li_2B_4O_7—LiCl—H_2O 298.15K时的稀释热,并结合Debye-Hückel热焓极限公式研究了该体系的平均表观摩尔热焓。     

采用辐照度基法对FY-1C气象卫星可见近红外通道进行绝对辐射定标

介绍另一种在轨卫星传感器绝对辐射定标——辐照度基法定标,并利用敦煌辐射校正场对FY-1C卫星可见近红外通道进行定标。通常的反射率基法定标,表观反射率计算的一个重要误差来源是对气溶胶散射的近似计算。辐照度基法定标采用实际测量的漫射与总辐射比来代替辐射传输计算的气溶胶散射。利用该方法对FY-1C卫星的5次定标结果表明,大部分日期辐照度基法和反射率基法定标结果非常吻合,肯定了辐照度基法的正确性,但在气溶胶含量较大时,辐照度基法提高定标精度的优点显现出来,能够减少辐射传输模式对气溶胶散射计算带来的误差,提高最终的绝对辐射定标精度。     

基于电磁感应仪的表聚型土壤盐渍剖面特征解译研究

针对目前黄河三角洲地区存在的土壤盐渍化问题,以该地区分布最广泛的表聚型盐分剖面类型为研究对象,运用磁感大地电导率仪EM38,建立了磁感式表观电导率和土壤盐分之间的(多元)回归模型,在分析土壤盐分剖面分布特征的基础上提出了指数衰减模型,并运用该模型对盐分剖面进行了参数拟合和验证。结果表明:磁感式表观电导率EMh和EMv呈极显著的线性相关,土壤盐分在垂直方向上的变异主要表现在表层0~25cm的深度范围内。统计分析和Friedman检验结果表明,回归模型和指数衰减模型均具有较好的拟合结果和预测效果,二者的预测精度差异也不显著,表明本文提出的指数衰减模型不仅能降低待估参数的数量、提高土壤盐分剖面磁感式解译的实用性,同时还具有较高的预测精度。该研究结果为利用电磁感应仪快速、精确地进行土壤盐分预测以及盐分剖面解译提供了一定的理论参考和实践依据。     

电磁感应仪EM38用于土壤盐渍剖面分类与评价研究

结合电磁感应仪EM38测量与田间采样,文章分析了黄河三角洲典型区域土壤电导率的剖面分布特征,建立了磁感式表观电导率与土壤电导率间的(多元)回归解译模型,探讨了不同分类方法对土壤盐渍剖面分类结果的准确性,并对典型盐渍剖面类型进行了评价。结果表明:研究区土壤盐分具有较强的表聚性与变异强度;土壤电导率与磁感表观电导率EMh、EMv间呈极显著的相关关系,EMh对浅层土壤电导率的解译精度较高,而EMv对深层土壤电导率的解译精度较高;EMv/EMh法和理论函数法对土壤盐渍剖面的分类结果均具有较高的精度,且理论函数法分类结果的准确性明显优于EMv/EMh法;研究区土壤盐渍剖面可划分为表聚型、底聚型与均匀型,在数量上以表聚型及底聚型为主,其中表聚型与均匀型属于积盐型剖面,底聚型属于脱盐型剖面。该结果对研究黄河三角洲地区土壤盐渍化的发生、机理、预测与评估该地区土壤盐渍化的发生、发展具有重要意义。