基于线粒体16S rDNA和COΙ基因探讨中国近海黄姑鱼类的分子系统进化关系

为探讨中国近海黄姑鱼类的系统进化关系,通过PCR扩增了黄姑鱼(Nibea albifora)、浅色黄姑鱼(N.coibor)、日本黄姑鱼(N.japonica)和状黄姑鱼(N.miichthioides)等4种黄姑鱼类的16S rDNA和COΙ基因片段并进行了序列测定,计算其种间及种内遗传距离并结合来自GenBank的13种石首鱼科鱼类的相应基因片段序列构建分子系统树。结果表明:(1)利用16S rDNA片段可以对4种黄姑鱼类进行分子鉴定;但是基于COΙ基因片段计算的日本黄姑鱼和状黄姑鱼的种间遗传距离为0.002—0.005,尚未达到种间分化水平,应用该基因片段进行这两种鱼的分子鉴定值得商榷;(2)分子系统树显示日本黄姑鱼和状黄姑鱼与黄姑鱼和浅色黄姑鱼处于不同的系统发育阶元,日本黄姑鱼和状黄姑鱼与白姑鱼属鱼类聚为同一类群,支持形态学上将日本黄姑鱼和状黄姑鱼划归为白姑鱼属的分类学观点。     

养殖黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) 鮰爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella ictaluri)的分离鉴定与生物学特性研究

从四川眉山与新津两地患红头病的养殖黄颡鱼体内分离到2株优势菌(CHNYC001与CHNYC002),以腹腔注射与浸泡的方式进行人工感染试验,证实其为养殖黄颡鱼红头病的病原菌。根据分离菌株的形态、生理生化特性,结合16SrDNA序列测定(GenBank登录号分别为FJ766524、FJ766525)与系统发育分析,将其鉴定为鮰爱德华氏菌(Edwardsie lla ictaluri)。分离菌株最适生长温度为20—30℃,最适生长pH为7.0,在含盐量2%以上的培养基上不生长,对氟苯尼考、强力霉素、洛美沙星等敏感,对乙酰螺旋霉素、磺胺甲基异噁唑和麦迪霉素等不敏感。临床病理特征分析发现,养殖黄颡鱼感染爱德华氏菌临床上分为急性与慢性两种类型,急性型主要表现为败血症的病变特征,慢性型表现为头顶出血,发红与溃疡的病变特征。     

Study of chemical forms of phosphorus and their bioavailability in the sediments

Chemical forms of phosphorus in the sediments of the Daya Bay, the Zhujiang River estuary, and the Xiamen Bay are measured with extraction solutions of MgCl2, NaOH, and HCl. Their availabilities to Chlorella sp. and Isochrysis galbana are estimated by using sediments as the sole source of P in the bioassays. The results show that the contents of total phosphorus (TP) in these sediments are 449.3, 650.1 and 643.9 mg/kg, respectively. The contents of non-apatite inorganic P (NAIP) extracted with MgCl2 and NaOH from 3 sediments are 168.8, 146.6 and 118.1 mg/kg,respectively, and account for 18.3%～32.6% of TP. The phosphorus extracted with HCI solution is greater than that extracted with NaOH solution and the lowest extracted P is MgCl2-extractable P. The greatest relative growth rates of Chlorella sp. and Isochrysis galbana cultured with sediments are in the range of 4.3%～26.9%. The increasing biomasses of these algae correspond to NAIP and AAPP (the estimated algal-available particulate P). AAPP accounts for 42.4%～78.2% of NAIP, 21.1%～27.1% of total inorganic P, and 11.8%～20.3% of TP, respectively.     

养殖牙鲆细菌性病原分离与鉴定

牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)是我国北方沿海地区的重要经济养殖品种，目前已形成工厂化生产规模。随着养殖密度的增加以及海水污染程度的日益严重，养殖牙鲆出现了各种疾病(曲凌云等，2000； Mo Zhaolan et al.，2001).造成了巨大的经济损失。 1999~2000年，山东省荣成、威海、青岛胶南及黄岛地区养殖牙鲆大面积发病，疾病发生时间多在每年的6~11月.病鱼多为3~10月龄。本文作者对以上牙鲆发病地区进行了临床病症的调查，并进行了病原的分离和初步鉴定。     

翡翠的鉴定与价值评估

翡翠是中国人最喜爱的玉石品种之一,近几年来,中高档翡翠的市场价格已有十几倍甚至几十倍的增长。人工合成翡翠也已有报道研制出来,其与高档翡翠差别更是微乎其微,这给宝玉石鉴定工作提出了更新、更高的要求。＂黄金有价玉无价＂只有正确判断翡翠的品种、品质级别,才能更好地评估其价值。该文对翡翠的矿物组成、化学成分、结晶习性、结构、力学性质及翡翠的常规鉴定方法和红外光谱在翡翠鉴定中的应用进行了论述,提出了对翡翠的颜色、透明度、质地、净度、质量大小等进行品质分级并对其对价值评估的影响进行了阐述。     

一种新方法处理软玉的鉴定特征

首次报道了一种拼合处理的软玉及其鉴定特征。通过常规宝石学测试、红外光谱和X荧光能谱分析,对该类样品进行了鉴定。结果显示,从外观上,样品的＂皮＂与主体结合处的颜色分界截然,有明显的粘结痕迹和大量的蜡与气泡;拼合面两侧区域的红外光谱完全不一样;X荧光能谱显示,其＂皮＂较主体部分缺少Ca峰。根据测试结果认为,样品应为染色岫玉软玉拼合石。     

IGI印度新实验室成立

最近,作为世界顶级珠宝检测鉴定机构IGI在印度建立了第六所实验室。这是继不久前宣布与上海复旦大学建立教育合作伙伴关系及参与上海世博会之后,IGI传来的又一好消息。     

Marine bacterium strain screening and pyrethroid insecticide-degrading efficiency analysis

A pyrethroid insecticide-degrading bacterium, strain HS-24, was isolated from an offshore seawater environment. The strain, which can degrade cypermethrin(CYP) and deltamethrin(DEL), was identified as Methylophaga sp. The optimal culture and degradation conditions for CYP and DEL by strain HS-24 is pH 7 at 28°C. Under optimum culture conditions, strain HS-24 exhibited a broad degradation concentration range of 100, 200, 400, 600, and 800 mg/L for CYP and DEL. The metabolic intermediates were analyzed by NMR, which provided strong evidence that CYP and DEL removal occurred mainly because of a biological process. The toxicity of the degradation products of strain HS-24 was studied simultaneously by measuring the light output of the luminescence bacterium. This demonstrated that the biodegradation ability of strain HS-24 significantly decreased the toxicity of CYP- and DEL-contaminated aquaculture seawater. Finally, the findings of this paper indicate that strain HS-24 is thus revealed as a biological agent for the remediation of marine aquatic environments.     

Identification of Fucans from Four Species of Sea Cucumber by High Temperature ~1H NMR

Acidic polysaccharide, which has various biological activities, is one of the most important components of sea cucumber. In the present study, crude polysaccharide was extracted from four species of sea cucumber from three different geographical zones, Pearsonothuria graeffei（Pg） from Indo-Pacific, Holothuria vagabunda（Hv） from Norwegian Coast, Stichopus tremulu（St） from Western Indian Ocean, and Isostichopus badionotu（Ib） from Western Atlantic. The polysaccharide extract was separated and purified with a cellulose DEAE anion-exchange column to obtain corresponding sea cucumber fucans（SC-Fucs）. The chemical property of these SC-Fucs, including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition and sulfate content, was determined. Their structure was compared simply with fourier infrared spectrum analyzer and identified with high temperature 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum analyzer（NMR） and room temperature 13 C NMR. The results indicated that Fuc-Pg obtained from the torrid zone mainly contained 2,4-O-disulfated and non-sulfated fucose residue, whereas Fuc-Ib from the temperate zone contained non-, 2-O- and 2,4-O-disulfated fucose residue; Fuc-St from the frigid zone and Fuc-Hv from the torrid zone contained mainly non-sulfated fucose residue. The proton of SC-Fucs was better resolved via high temperature 1H NMR than via room temperature 1H NMR. The fingerprint of sea cucumber in different sea regions was established based on the index of anomer hydrogen signal in SC-Fucs. Further work will help to understand whether there exists a close relationship between the geographical area of sea cucumber and the sulfation pattern of SC-Fucs.