平坝磷石膏堆场渗漏分析与污染防治对策

平坝磷石膏堆场未做防渗处理,堆场产生的含磷、氟的渗滤液通过排污水渠、岩溶管道和裂隙进入周围地表水和地下水系统,污染了羊昌河的水质,严重影响了红枫湖水库的水环境。通过水文地质勘察、样方统计调查、压水试验和连通试验等方法,查明了堆场岩溶及节理裂隙发育情况,分析了地表水与地下水之间的水力联系,指出堆场渗滤液通过地表02水渠、01水渠?落水洞L1?泉点Q16及地下岩体节理裂隙等通道污染羊昌河。地下水污染受节理裂隙结构面控制,主要的污染方向为北、西向。根据水样监测的资料,划定了堆场水污染的范围及程度。最后,针对堆场勘察情况提出了垂直防渗、水平防渗、引流汇集和表层覆盖等污染防治的对策。      

Removal of Lead,Copper, Zinc and Cadmium from Water Using Phosphate Rock

Removal of Pb^2＋, Cu^2＋, Zn^2＋ and Cd^2＋ from aqueous solutions by sorption on a natural phosphate rock （FAP） was investigated. The effects of the contact time and initial metal concentration were examined in the batch method. The percentage sorption of heavy metals from solution ranges generally between 50% and 99%. The amount of sorbed metal ions follows the order Cu〉Pb〉Cd〉Zn. Heavy metal immobilization was attributed to both surface complexation of metal ions on the surface of FAP grains and partial dissolution and precipitation of a heavy metal-containing phosphate. The very low desorption ratio of heavy metals further supports the effectiveness of FAP as an alternative and low-cost material to remove toxic Pb^2＋, Cu^2＋, Zn^2＋ and Cd^2＋ from polluted waters.     

黔东地区下江群凝灰岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄及其地层意义

本文报道黔桂地区晚前寒武纪下江群沉积地层凝灰岩(斑脱岩)获得高精度的锆石年龄,结合侵位四堡群花岗岩锆石年龄和四堡群斑脱岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄,将下江群明确定位于新元古代晚期沉积。该年龄对为重新界定下江群时代及同期地层的区域对比和构造演化都有着重要意义。江南古陆普遍发育的晚元古代低变质绿片岩系四堡群(梵净山群、冷家溪群、双桥山群)及上覆地层丹州群(下江群、板溪群、河上镇群),两者之间的构造界面,是人们争论的主题,其时代的定位一直影响着整个江南古陆变质基底的地层划分和对比,同时制约着中国地质学家对江南造山带的地质背景和成矿条件解疑。本文通过下江群甲路组地层中斑脱岩的锆石研究,精确地测定了甲路组斑脱岩锆石年龄(814.0±6.3)Ma和清水江组斑脱岩锆石年龄(773.6±7.9)Ma。上述锆石年龄解决了黔桂地区新元古代晚期沉积时代问题。     

Acid rain in China-Input-output budgets of major ions in four forested catchments

Acid rain is one of China＇s major environmental problems and emissions of sulphur and nitrogen are still increasing. The acid rain situation in China is somewhat different from what is seen in Europe and North America. Sulfur deposition is very high, but there is also very high deposition of calcium and other base cations. The sources of atmospheric Ca are not well understood, although it is important for understanding long term impacts of acid deposition. The fate of S, N and Ca^2＋ in the catchment is crucial for the future development of the acidification situation of soils and waters in China. Very few studies presenting catchment input-output ion budgets in Chinese natural environments exist and there are several unknown factors regarding processes. Here, we present annual input-output budgets for three years （2001-2003） for major ions for four forested catchments in China receiving different loads of acid deposition. For the two sites receiving the highest SO4^2- inputs, the input-output budget for the upper 50 cm of soil is approximately balanced. For the most remote site the soil is a net sink for SO4^2-, suggesting that the pool of adsorbed SO4^2- in the soil is building up. This is in agreement with the fact that the site so far has received only moderate SO4^2- inputs. For the southemmost, the subtropical site there is a loss of SO4^2- in the soil, which at least partly may be related to high uptake from the dense and highly productive forest at the site. The Ca^2＋ budgets for the upper 50 cm of soil show large variations both within and between sites. For most locations there is production of Ca^2＋ in the soil that can be explained by weathering, and variation between years related to hydrology that can be explained by ion exchange. However, at some plots at the site receiving very high inputs of both SO4^2- and Ca^2＋, there is an unknown sink of Ca^2＋ in the soil at some plots.     

黄铁矿净化水中低浓度磷

以产自安徽铜陵新桥矿的黄铁矿为典型样品,研究黄铁矿对磷的吸附作用。静态实验考察黄铁矿粒度、固液比、pH值、离子强度、温度、吸附时间等因素对黄铁矿去除磷效果的影响,XPS和FE-SEM研究吸附磷后黄铁矿颗粒表面形貌和成分特征。结果表明：黄铁矿粒径越小（50～180目）,去除磷效率越高（9.3%～90.7%）;提高固液比（0.2～2 g/L）,磷的去除率增加（6.5%～97.1%）;在pH值3～9.65范围内黄铁矿对磷都有很好的去除效率（95%以上）;NO3-对磷的去除效果表现为微弱的促进作用,Cl-有微弱的抑制作用,溶液中SO42-、HCO3-对黄铁矿吸附磷表现出较强的抑制作用。温度对黄铁矿吸附效率基本没有影响。黄铁矿对磷吸附动态实验表明除磷效率在16 h后接近最大值。除磷作用机理是黄铁矿表面缓慢氧化产生的三价铁对磷的化学吸附。成果表明黄铁矿用于净化污水中低浓度磷具有很大的潜力。     

铁盐絮凝法对阳宗海湖泊水体的除砷效果及底泥的稳定性考察

2008年,昆明阳宗海受到严重砷污染,砷浓度高达0.134 mg/L。项目组充分考虑其受污染水体容量大、砷浓度低的实际情况,提出了安全、廉价、高效的FeCl3絮凝法治理方案。实验室小试结果表明,提出的FeCl₃絮凝法对As(Ⅲ)及As(V)均有理想的去除效果,并且湖水中大量存在的阴离子HCO^-₃可使治理过程中水体pH值基本保持不变。因此该方案摒弃了文献普遍报道所需要的预氧化及调节pH值的工艺步骤,将固体FeCl₃·6H₂O溶解、用湖水稀释后通过喷洒船将最终浓度为1%左右的FeCl₃水溶液喷洒到湖面上,使湖水中的AsO^3-₄及AsO^-₂与FeCl₃水解过程产生的Fe(OH)3胶体絮凝形成稳定的沉淀物被固定于底泥中。在对阳宗海进行降砷工程化治理期间,2009年11月-2010年9月砷浓度从0.117 mg/L快速下降到0.021 mg/L并可持续达到Ⅱ-Ⅲ类水标准(<0.05 mg/L),总除砷率高达 82.05%。沉积物中的As绝大部分以残渣态的形式被固定在沉积物中,生态风险很低。     

陆地生态系统碳-氮-水耦合循环的基本科学问题、理论框架与研究方法

陆地生态系统碳循环、氮循环和水循环是生态系统生态学和全球变化科学研究长期被关注的三大物质循环,它们表征着全球、区域及典型生态系统的能量流动、养分循环和水循环。然而,自然界的生态系统碳循环、氮循环和水循环是相互联动、不可分割的耦合体系,在生态学、生理学、生物化学等方面受多个生物、物理、化学和生物学过程的调节和控制。本文在综合论述陆地生态系统碳-氮-水耦合循环研究的理论和实践意义的基础上,探讨了陆地生态系统碳-氮-水耦合循环的关键过程,提出该研究领域的基本科学问题,重点分析了植被-大气、土壤-大气和根系-土壤3个界面上碳、氮、水交换的生物物理过程,典型生态系统碳-氮-水耦合循环的生物学化学过程,制约典型生态系统碳-氮-水循环耦合关系的生态系统生态学机制,以及制约生态系统碳-氮-水循环空间格局耦联关系的生物地理生态学机制。在现有科学研究的基础上,构建了陆地生态系统碳-氮-水耦合循环机制的逻辑框架系统,讨论了开展陆地生态系统碳-氮-水耦合循环研究的主要技术途径与方法。     

航空伽玛能谱资料在昆明地区磷矿普查中的应用

磷块岩矿床中磷与放射性元素铀之间存在着共生组合关系。这是应用航空伽玛能谱测量普查磷矿的前提。通过对6个已知磷块岩矿床的航空伽玛能谱特征场的分析,建立了应用航空伽玛能谱资料确定磷矿找矿靶区的评价准则,并对昆阳磷矿区和王家湾磷矿区外围未知地区作了初步评价,确定了Ｉ类找矿靶区5片,Ⅱ类找矿靶区3片。现已在找矿靶区内找到了磷矿床。     

江西雅山黄玉锂云母花岗岩中富磷锆石研究

雅山黄玉锂云母花岗岩是雅山复式岩体的最晚阶段岩体,具较高的磷含量（ＷＰ２Ｏ５＝０．１５％￣０．５５％）,长石矿物是磷的主要赋存矿物,磷以ＰＡｌＳｉ－２替换方式进入长石结构中;锆石是雅山花岗岩重要的稀有元素副放物之一,它除了高度富铪、铀外,与一般锆石相比,还表现出显著富磷的特征,Ｐ２Ｏ５含量变化主要为ＷＰ２Ｏ５＝０．２３％￣４．９６％。磷主要以（Ｙ,ＨＲＥ３Ｅ,Ｆｅ）＾３＋Ｐ＾５＋（Ｚｒ,Ｈｆ）＾４