长江口和浙江近岸海域表层沉积物中颗粒磷的形态分布和影响因素

研究长江口和浙江近岸海域的水团流向、缺氧程度、潮汐作用以及养殖活动对表层沉积物中颗粒磷赋存形式的影响,对东海生态环境的可持续发展有着重要的意义。长江口以北和浙江近岸泥质区各存在一个缺氧中心,杭州湾属于强潮区,而象山港遍布养殖场。2018年8—9月在上述4个海域分别采集表层沉积物,采用SEDEX方法进行了颗粒磷的形态划分和含量测定。研究结果表明：在长江口外北部缺氧区和浙江近岸泥质区的南部缺氧区,由于沉积物-水界面的还原环境可以活化铁结合态磷,使之转变为生物可以直接利用的弱吸附态无机磷,因此表现出沉积物中铁结合态磷的低值和弱吸附态无机磷的高值;前者的缺氧程度高于后者,因此其铁结合态磷的含量相应更低。杭州湾和象山港海域均受潮汐作用影响,两者沉积物中磷的分布比较均匀。象山港表层沉积物中铁结合态磷含量均较低,这可能是因为养殖活动造成的水体缺氧通过潮汐活动扩散到整个港底。象山港废弃养殖场沉积物中的碎屑磷和残余有机磷含量显著低于非养殖区,可能是由于养殖活动累积的生物沉积稀释了陆源输入的碎屑颗粒。     

磷矿石中磷、钙、镁、锶、氟测定方法评述

本文系统分析了磷矿石高含量磷、钙、镁、锶、氟诸元素存在时对其测定的相互影响及其测定中存在的问题,比较全面地总结了国内分析工作者针对该问题,对诸难测元素在常规分析方法方面的工作进展。     

Water, organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus contents in sediment of a large-scale mariculture area in the Zhelin Bay of eastern Guangdong Province, China

The Zhelin Bay is one of the most important bays for large-scale mariculture in Guangdong Province, China. Owing to the increasing human population and the expanding mariculture in the last two decades, the ecological environment has greatly changed with frequent harmful algal blooms. A monthly survey of water content, organic matter （TOM）, and various forms of nitrogen and phosphorous in sediment from July 2002 to July 2003 in the bay was conducted. The results showed that the water content was correlated significantly with TOM and various forms of nitrogen and phosphorus and can be used as proxy for quick and rough estimate of these factors in the future surveys. TOM was also correlated significantly with various forms of nitrogen and phosphorus, indicating that it was one of the key factors affecting the concentrations and distributions of nitrogen and phosphorus in the investigated waters. Average total Kjeldhal nitrogen （TkN） content was（ 1 113.1 ± 382.5）μg/g and average total phosphorus （TP） content was（567.2± 223.3）μg/g, and both were much higher than those of similar estuaries in China and elsewhere. Average nitrogen and phosphorus tended to be higher inside than outside the bay, higher at aquaculture than non-aquaculture areas, and higher at fish-cage culture than oyster culture areas, suggesting that large-scale mariculture inside the bay played an important role in the eutrophication of the Zhelin Bay. Various forms of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were higher during the warm season （July--September）, which was due to the increased decomposition and concentration of organic matter resulted from the fast growth and high mortality of the cultured species. Compared with July 2002, TkN and TP contents were much higher in July 2003, in consonance with the eutrophication of the Zhelin Bay. Because exchangeable phosphorus （Ex-P）, iron-bounded phos- phorus （Fe-P） and organic phosphorus （OP） combined accounted for 34.3% of the TP and authigenic phosphorus （Au-P     

水样中氮磷营养盐的短期保存技术研究

用8种保存方法对淡水和海水水样中四个氮磷营养盐（NH3-N、NO3—N、NO3-N、PO4—P）参数及总氮的稳定性进行了7d保存效果的比较研究。结果表明,淡水与海水氮磷营养盐的最佳保存方法与效果各不相同,但淡水和海水的总氮值在各种方法保存下均十分恒定。综合考虑有效性及可操作性后提出了5d内的短期保存技术：（1）海水水样用5‰氯仿4℃条件下保存,供NH3-N、NO2—N和N03-N三个营养盐的测定,用5‰甲醛4℃条件下保存供PO4-P测定;（2）淡水用5‰氯仿4℃条件下保存,供NH3-N测定,5‰甲醛4℃条件保存供NO2-N、NO3-N和PO4-P测定。     

九龙江口秋茄红树林恢复对底质磷的影响

以光滩为对照,分别在白礁选取5、6、8a生秋茄(Kandelia candel)人工林以及天然秋茄林为样地,在草埔头选取20a生和44a生秋茄人工林为样地,比较分析了福建九龙江口秋茄红树林恢复对底质总磷和有效磷的影响.结果表明:白礁和草埔头秋茄人工红树林的总磷和有效磷含量随红树林恢复时间的增加而增高.白礁天然秋茄林和草埔头秋茄人工林的总磷随底质深度增加而减少,有效磷在中下层含量较高.潮位对草埔头总磷有显著影响,由外滩到内滩,其总磷含量逐渐增加.九龙江口秋茄红树林早期恢复阶段的底质总磷和有效磷缺乏,5a生秋茄人工林底质总磷和有效磷分别为0.68g/kg和2.99mg/kg.     

浅成磷钙土中的铀

磷钙土被广泛用于生产肥料的原料或直接用作肥料。对它的研究非常深入,包括分析微量元素组分。发现沉积岩中微量元素的一般分面规律和从磷钙土的实际农业化学应用观点出发是很重要的,因为在其组分中的部分微量元素是微量肥料,而部分（例如铀）则在生态上是危险的。磷钙土是获得铀的重要矿石,美国大部分铀正是从磷钙土中获取的。     

Effects of diet and body size on phosphorus utilization of Liza haematocheila T. ＆ S.

A 21-d laboratory experiment was conducted to study, the phosphorus （P） utilization of two different diets by redlip mullet Liza haematocheila T. ＆ S. Sand-filtered water in salinity 30 and temperatare 25℃ was used. Twenty-nine fish individuals were divided into three groups： 11 to group 1 （G1） fed on diet 1, 11 to group 2 （G2） fed on diet 2, and 7 to contrast group. Diet 1 was a commercial feed, more valuable in nutrition than diet 2 that similar to natural detritus. The results show the intake phosphorus （IP） of G1 was significantly higher than that of G2, and both increased linearly with body size at a certain amount of diet. The retention phosphorus （RP） in fish of G1 was lower than G2. The relationship between retention phosphorus and body size was positive and stronger in G2. Significant difference in faecal phosphorus （FP） was found between G1 and G2. Body size significantly impacted the excretion phosphorus （EP） in G1 but G2. The loss of intake phosphorus in G1 was 10.83-20.27 mg per g fish weight gain, higher than that in G2 for 6.63-9.56. Of the phosphorus, about 10% was allocated into growth, 50% in faeces, and the rest lost in excretion. The main part of phosphorus was lost in faeces but excretion. The phosphorus budget of the fish could be described as 100IP = 7.40RP ＋ 47.39FP ＋ 36.63EP （Diet 1） or 100IP = 11.93RP ＋ 56.64FP ＋ 21.76EP （Diet 2）.     

祁连山亚高山灌丛林叶面积指数与冠层氮、磷的关系

氮和磷作为植物体内重要的生命元素,在植物群落的生长发育过程中发挥着重要的作用。为了明确祁连山亚高山灌丛林叶面积指数与冠层氮、磷之间的关系,本文通过对祁连山亚高山灌丛林不同植被类型(箭叶锦鸡儿、高山吉拉柳、金露梅)及不同放牧处理(羊群、牦牛,未放牧)条件下灌丛群落的叶面积指数(LAI)与叶片氮积累量(TFN)、叶片磷积累量(TFP)比较发现,在整个亚高山灌丛群落中,LAI与TFN和TFP之间都有较强的相关性,并且TFN和TFP比值的变化表明不同植被类型叶片的生长都受到N、P的共同限制,只是随着LAI的增加,高山吉拉柳主要受到氮素的限制,箭叶锦鸡儿主要受到磷素的限制,而金露梅则受到N、P的共同限制;在不同放牧条件下,单位面积LAI对应的TFN的值较高而TFP的值较低,说明动物通过对植被的啃食可能会改变群落的模式,在一定程度上限制磷的摄入。LAI、N、P之间的耦合关系表明了亚高山灌丛群落的LAI在物种组成、放牧和冠层密度上存在差异,但仍然受到N和P的约束。研究结果有利于探索水分限制条件下祁连山灌丛林生态系统植物叶片与养分元素之间关系,对于研究干旱区高寒灌丛生态系统在全球气候变化中的作用及其对全球气候变化的响应与反馈,具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。     

低磷饲料添加谷氨酸对松浦镜鲤幼鱼肠道消化酶活性及肠道形态的影响

【目的】探讨低磷饲料中添加谷氨酸对松浦镜鲤肠道消化酶活性及肠道形态的影响。【方法】将初始体质量(5.07±0.02)g的松浦镜鲤450尾随机分为5组,其中4个实验组在低磷(NaH_2PO_3质量分数1.5%)饲料中分别添加质量分数0%、0.5%、1.0%和2.0%的谷氨酸(Glu),分别为G0、G0.5、G1.0、G2.0组,同时以正常磷饲料(2.0%NaH2PO3)为对照(C组),实验周期为8周。【结果】G1组前肠和后肠的蛋白酶活性显著高于G0组,与C组差异不显著;G1前肠脂肪酶活性显著高于G0、G0.5和G2组,C和G1组中肠脂肪酶活性显著高于G0组;C和G1组中肠淀粉酶活性显著高于其他各组(P 0.05),各组间前肠和后肠淀粉酶活性差异不显著(P 0.05)。各添加组的松浦镜鲤幼鱼前肠和后肠的皱襞高度显著高于G0组,且前肠的皱襞高度与C组相比差异不显著;C组后肠的皱襞高度显著高于其他各组(P 0.05)。G2组前肠的绒毛宽度与C组相比差异不显著(P0.05),其他各组的松浦镜鲤幼鱼前肠的绒毛宽度显著低于C组(P0.05);中肠和后肠的绒毛宽度各组间没有显著差异(P 0.05)。各添加组的松浦镜鲤幼鱼前肠的基层厚度与C组比没有显著差异(P 0.05)。中肠和后肠的基层厚度各组间没有显著差异(P 0.05)。肠体指数和肠长指数各组间没有显著差异(P 0.05)。添加Glu组的前肠绒毛高度及密度均显著增加,且排列整齐。【结论】低磷饲料中添加谷氨酸可以增加松浦镜鲤幼鱼肠道消化酶活性并改善肠道形态结构。     

中国东海陆架海域柱状沉积物对磷的吸附行为

通过研究磷在海洋柱状沉积物上的吸附动力学曲线和吸附等温线,并结合沉积物表面电荷性质以及磷形态分析,考察了我国东部陆架海域沉积物对磷的吸附特征。结果表明,所研究海域沉积物对磷的吸附过程明显分为快慢两段,48h后吸附可达到平衡;吸附后的磷主要为可交换态磷,吸附过程以物理作用为主;吸附等温线可用Langmuir交叉型模式描述,在磷初始浓度较低时,沉积物对磷存在解吸现象;沉积物对磷吸附参数的垂直分布较为复杂,受自身性质影响较大;盐度增大,沉积物对磷的吸附能力呈下降趋势。