中国第26次南极考察南大洋碳通量评估

南大洋是大气CO2的重要汇区,而近几十年来这个汇出现了明显变化并成为了研究的热点。利用中国第26次南极考察期间雪龙船绕南极航行所获得的现场碳及相关参数观测数据,分析推导出海水pCO2及其主控因子(叶绿素和水温)之间的经验关系,并结合相关卫星遥感数据建立遥感外推算法,计算南大洋50°S以南海区碳通量分布,评估该海区对大气CO2的吸收能力。计算结果表明,2009年11月从90°E到90°W(顺时针方向),50°—75°S海域为CO2输送大气的弱源,平均输入大气通量为9.482 mol·m-2·month-1,碳释放量为0.001 779 5×1015gC;2009年12月从90°W—90°E(顺时针方向),50°—75°S海域为吸收大气CO2的弱汇,平均碳通量为-12.451 mol·m-2·month-1,碳吸收量为0.026 656×1015gC。将经验关系推导至该月份的50°—75°S整个南大洋的计算中发现,2009年11月南大洋为大气CO2的源,碳释放量为0.002 789 6×1015gC;在2009年12月南大洋为大气CO2的汇,碳吸收量是-0.003 503 5×1015gC。相比之前我们所观测的结果,南大洋的碳汇吸收能力呈现明显下降。     

莫莫格湿地主要生态服务功能动态评价

以地处吉林省西部的莫莫格国家级自然保护区为研究区,选择白鹤(Grus leucogeranus)栖息地承载力、蓄洪和固碳3个湿地主要生态服务功能,对该保护区湿地在2002年、2008年和2013年的主要生态服务功能动态变化进行评价。利用研究区土壤、植被、水文以及白鹤分布等图文数据,结合室内土壤有机碳含量和持水量测试结果,利用Neu法、热量法、蓄洪和固碳等公式对3个湿地生态服务功能进行定量计算。研究结果表明,2002年、2008年和2013年,该保护区白鹤栖息地容纳白鹤的数量为28 400只、2 468只和4904只;食物容纳白鹤的数量分别为24×104只、2.1×104只和4.3×104只;水体蓄洪量分别为12.35×108m3、11.12×108m3和8.62×108m3;植物固碳量分别为30×104t、17×104t和20×104t。2002~2008年间,莫莫格国家级自然保护区湿地生态系统的3个主要生态服务功能随湿地的退化而逐渐减弱;2008~2013年间,其3个主要生态服务功能有所恢复,说明湿地保护工作开展得当,湿地退化速度减缓。     

洪泽湖典型水生植物群落碳储量

于2012年4月6日、7月5日、9月8日和12月11日,在洪泽湖湿地国家级自然保护区内,进行典型植物群落调查,选取芦苇(Phragmites australis)、荷花(Nelumbo nucifera)、水花生(Alternanthera philoxeroides)、浮萍(Lemna minor)、金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)和菹草(Potamogeton crispus)群落为研究对象,研究这些植物群落的生物量、植物碳储量和土壤碳储量。结果表明,在各植物群落的平均生物量中,芦苇群落的平均生物量最大,为4 553.47g/m2;芦苇群落地下部分与地上部分生物量的平均根冠比为3.03,荷花群落为0.67;芦苇群落、荷花群落、金鱼藻群落、水花生群落、浮萍群落和菹草群落的平均土壤碳储量分别为5.32 kg/m2、3.83 kg/m2、2.35 kg/m2、2.11 kg/m2、1.57 kg/m2和1.33 kg/m2;芦苇群落、荷花群落、菹草群落、金鱼藻群落、水花生群落和浮萍群落的平均植物碳储量分别为2.25 kg/m2、0.51 kg/m2、0.19 kg/m2、0.11 kg/m2、0.09 kg/m2和0.05 kg/m2;芦苇群落、荷花群落、金鱼藻群落、水花生群落、浮萍群落和菹草群落的平均碳储量分别为7.57 kg/m2、4.34 kg/m2、2.46 kg/m2、2.20 kg/m2、1.62 kg/m2和1.52 kg/m2。     

不同雨强对杉木和米槠林地表径流和可溶性有机碳的影响

采用径流小区法,对中亚热带地区的杉木人工林和米槠次生林在不同雨强下径流量和可溶性有机碳（DOC）流失浓度进行比较研究。结果表明：在小雨、中雨、大雨和暴雨4场降雨过程中,米槠次生林和杉木人工林的地表径流量和DOC流失浓度变化趋势一致,即降雨强度增加,地表径流量也随之增加。DOC浓度均呈现了随着雨强的增加而逐渐降低的趋势。说明降雨强度对径流量和DOC浓度均产生了较为明显的影响;米槠次生林和杉木人工林的地表径流量之间差异不显著,米槠次生林和杉木人工林的DOC流失浓度除大雨外均达到显著性水平差异（P〈0.05）,说明植被类型对地表径流量影响较小,对DOC浓度具有较明显的影响。     

崇明岛环岛芦苇地上部分固碳能力估算

2011年3~10月,基于实地样方采样和实验室测定,调查崇明岛环岛芦苇(Phragmites australis)带中芦苇的生物量和初级生产力,研究芦苇地上部分的固碳能力及其影响因子。结果表明,崇明岛芦苇地上部分年固碳能力为0.28~1.02 kg/(m2·a),平均年固碳能力为(0.67±0.19)kg/(m2·a),其低于长江口湿地保护区(崇明岛东滩、杭州湾)芦苇的年固碳能力,但高于黄河三角洲保护区湿地芦苇的年固碳能力;芦苇生长的主要影响因子为气象灾害和人为干扰,收割区域的芦苇群落生物量(p=0.021)和茎秆密度(p=4.6×10-6)显著高于未收割区域;芦苇分布主要受土壤盐度限制;芦苇表现型与人为干扰和土壤盐度密切相关;芦苇生长的中后期是受环境因子影响的关键时期。     

蓝色经济区建设对发展低碳经济的推动作用

蓝色经济区建设是发展海洋经济的一个重要途径和表现形式。为发展海洋经济,我国规划了山东、浙江、广州、福建和天津5个以海洋经济为主题的发展区域,大力开发海洋新能源、发展高端海水养殖业、推进制度创新和技术创新是蓝色经济区建设的重要内容。海洋新能源可以节约不可再生能源,减少废气的产生,海水养殖业能加强海洋对大气中温室气体的吸附作用,制度与技术创新能提供法律保障的同时提高有限能源的使用效率。因此,在建设蓝色经济区的同时,对低碳经济发展提供了重要的推动力。     

不同蛋白源对军曹鱼幼鱼碳、氮稳定同位素分馏的影响

为研究饲料中不同蛋白源对军曹鱼幼鱼碳、氮稳定同位素分馏的影响,配制3种等氮等能饲料。D1以鱼粉为蛋白源,D2和D3饲料中分别以啤酒酵母和玉米蛋白替代10%的鱼粉蛋白,投喂幼鱼24d。结果表明,啤酒酵母和玉米蛋白替代10%的鱼粉蛋白后,幼鱼的体质量增加率显著下降。随养殖时间的延长,所有处理组幼鱼的碳稳定同位素比率δ13C逐渐上升而氮稳定同位素比率δ15N逐渐下降;虽然全鱼和肌肉δ15N的变化速度存在差异,但各饲料组全鱼和肌肉的δ13C和δ15N都在24d后与饲料达到平衡。当饲料中10%的鱼粉蛋白被啤酒酵母和玉米蛋白替代之后,幼鱼肌肉和全鱼样品与饲料相比的碳同位素富集Δ13C值下降,而氮同位素富集Δ15N值则上升。其中全鱼Δ13C从4.19‰分别下降到3.94‰和3.63‰,肌肉Δ13C从4.46‰分别下降到3.98‰和3.67‰;全鱼Δ15N从0.18‰分别增加到0.88‰和0.94‰,肌肉Δ15N从0.18‰分别增加到0.74‰和0.87‰。军曹鱼在摄食3种不同蛋白源饲料时,其全鱼和肌肉的Δ13C和Δ15N的变化趋势相似,但全鱼δ15N的变化速度慢于肌肉。据此可推断,肌肉可在生态学营养级研究(长时间尺度)中代表军曹鱼的碳、氮同位素特征;但在代谢生理学研究中(短时间尺度),肌肉就无法准确反映军曹鱼全鱼的δ15N变化过程。     

Land use effects on soil organic carbon,microbial biomass and microbial activity in Changbai Mountains of Northeast China

Land use changes are known to alter soil organic carbon （SOC） and microbial properties, however, information about how conversion of natural forest to agricultural land use as well as plantations affects SOC and microbial properties in the Changbai Moun- tains of Northeast China is meager. Soil carbon content, microbial biomass carbon （MBC）, basal respiration and soil carbon mineraliza- tion were studied in five selected types of land use： natural old-growth broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest （NF）; spruce plantation （SP） established following clear-cutting of NF; cropland （CL）; ginseng farmland （GF） previously under NF; and a five-year Mongolian oak young forest （YF） reforested on an abandoned GF, in the Changbai Mountains of Northeast China in 2011. Results showed that SOC content was significantly lower in SP, CL, GF, and YF than in NF. MBC ranged from 304.4 mg/kg in CL to 1350.3 mg/kg in NF, which was significantly higher in the soil of NF than any soil of the other four land use types. The SOC and MBC contents were higher in SP soil than in CL, GF, and YF soils, yielding a significant difference between SP and CL. The value of basal respiration was also higher in NF than in SP, CL, GF, and YF. Simultaneously, higher values of the metabolic quotient were detected in CL, GF, and YF soils, indicat- ing low substrate utilization of the soil microbial community compared with that in NF and SP soil. The values of cumulative mineral- ized carbon and potentially mineralized carbon （Co） in NF were significantly higher than those in CL and GF, while no significant dif- ference was observed between NF and SP. In addition, YF had higher values of Co and C mineralization rate compared with GF. The results indicate that conversion from NF into agricultural land （CL and GF） uses and plantation may lead to a reduction in soil nutrients （SOC and MBC） and substrate utilization efficiency of the microbial community. By contrast, soils below SP were more conducive to the preservation of soil organic matter, which was reflected in the comparison of microbial indicators among CL, GF, and YF land uses. This study can provide data for evaluating soils nutrients under different land use types, and serve as references for the rational land use of natural forest in the study area.     

Distributions and air-sea fluxes of CO2 in the summer Bering Sea

The 3rd Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition(CHINARE–Arctic III) was carried out from July to September in 2008. The partial pressure of CO2(pCO2) in the atmosphere and in surface seawater were determined in the Bering Sea during July 11–27, 2008, and a large number of seawater samples were taken for total alkalinity(TA) and total dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC) analysis. The distributions of CO2 parameters in the Bering Sea and their controlling factors were discussed. The pCO2 values in surface seawater presented a drastic variation from 148 to 563 μatm(1 μatm = 1.013 25×10-1 Pa). The lowest pCO2 values were observed near the Bering Sea shelf break while the highest pCO2 existed at the western Bering Strait. The Bering Sea generally acts as a net sink for atmospheric CO2 in summer. The air-sea CO2 fluxes in the Bering Sea shelf, slope, and basin were estimated at-9.4,-16.3, and-5.1 mmol/(m2·d), respectively. The annual uptake of CO2 was about 34 Tg C in the Bering Sea.     

白令海颗粒有机物碳、氮同位素组成及其生物地球化学意义

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of particulate organic matter(POM) were measured for samples collected from the Bering Sea in 2010 summer. Particulate organic carbon(POC) and particulate nitrogen(PN) showed high concentrations in the shelf and slope regions and decreased with depth in the slope and basin, indicating that biological processes play an important role on POM distribution. The low C/N ratio and heavy isotopic composition of POM, compared to those from the Alaska River, suggested a predominant contribution of marine biogenic organic matter in the Bering Sea. The fact that δ13C and δ15N generally increased with depth in the Bering Sea basin demonstrated that organic components with light carbon or nitrogen were decomposed preferentially during their transport to deep water. However, the high δ13C and δ15N observed in shelf bottom water were mostly resulted from sediment resuspension.