四种滤食性贝类滤食器官鳃的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电子显微镜技术对海湾扇贝、栉孔扇贝、太平洋牡蛎、菲律宾蛤仔４种滤食性养殖贝类的滤食器官鳃的形态结构进行了观察和比较。结果表明：１、４种贝类的鳃纤毛是极其发达的,鳃丝内侧分布大量的粘液细胞;２、海湾扇贝、栉孔扇贝鳃丝的侧纤毛不如太平洋牡蛎和菲律宾蛤仔的发达,太平洋牡蛎鳃丝内侧纤毛很发达;３、４种贝类鳃丝之间的距离都大于２０μｍ,鳃丝间距排序为菲律宾蛤仔＜海湾扇贝＜栉孔扇贝＜太平洋牡蛎。从电镜观察的结果看,贝类的取食与鳃的结构及鳃丝上纤毛的运动密切相关。     

水华衰亡过程中微囊藻群体胶鞘结构及其元素组成的变化

维系微囊藻群体结构的胶鞘是微囊藻水华维持优势的重要原因之一.为了探讨微囊藻水华的衰亡机理,在太湖梅梁湾水华衰亡过程中(10月至次年1月),对微囊藻群体大小的组成做了统计,同时对单位藻细胞的胶鞘多糖产量变化进行了检测,并对微囊藻群体胶鞘的变化进行了能谱扫描电镜观察和元素组成分析.结果表明,随着水华的衰亡,100~180μm的微囊藻小群体的比例表现出增多的趋势,而大于180μm的大群体逐渐减少,单位藻细胞的多糖含量呈现下降的趋势.扫描电镜结果显示了微囊藻群体的胶鞘从完整到逐渐裂解的变化过程,群体表面的能谱化学元素分析显示,钠和磷元素的百分含量呈下降的趋势,铝和硫元素的百分含量趋于稳定,而钙和硅元素的百分含量呈上升的趋势.以上结果说明了微囊藻群体中单位细胞的多糖产量减少,群体胶鞘裂解,元素组成发生变化,伴随着微囊藻群体的解聚,出现水华的衰亡.     

广州珠江三角洲海水入侵地区地下水微粒的TEM分析及意义

广州地区地下水咸化现象由来已久,通过透射电子显微镜对广州珠江三角洲地下水的咸化原因进行了研究,并评价了其咸化程度。通过研究广州地区地下水中的微粒特征,包括观察微粒的形貌、结晶程度和化学成分等特征,同时对比现代海水微粒特征,讨论了微粒特征用于地下水咸化原因探究和评价的可行性。研究发现,在咸化程度不同的样品中,微粒中Cl含量不同,没有咸化的样品中难以找到Cl元素,咸化程度越高,微粒中Cl含量可以越高。同时,在受到海水入侵的地下水微粒中发现了具有海洋来源含Sr、Ba等微量元素的微粒,这些微量元素在一定程度上可视为海水的示踪剂,说明该组地下水受到了不同程度的海水浸染。通过透射电子显微镜分析研究了地下水中的微粒,结果表明,该研究区地下水中的微粒继承了海水中的微粒特征,广州市地下水的咸化是由于海水入侵所致,因此,利用微粒特征用于海水入侵的判别分析和评价是可行的。类似地,该方法同样可用于水污染调查以及地下水找矿研究。      

Characterization of dust and non-dust aerosols with SEM/EDX

Total suspended particulate （TSP） samples were collected at three sites along the coast of Qingdao, China, before and during a major dust storm in March, 2002. For comparison, PM10（particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than 10μm） samples were collected at one of the three sites. The morphological observation and compositional analysis of bulk and individual particles were performed by using scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray system （SEM/EDX） for the TSP and PM10 samples. The results showed that the particles of different kinds of morphology had different elemental compositions, but the particles of similar morphology did not always have the same elemental composition for non-dust samples. The morphology and composition of non-dust particles were different at different sites. The fractal and spherical particles existed mainly in the coarse fraction for non-dust samples, while in the fine mode （〈 10μm） there were floccules formed by fine particles flocking together and containing crustal elements. Compared with the non-dust particles, the dust particles were more homogeneous in terms of morphology, particle size and composition. Particles with irregular shapes and well-distributed sizes dominated in the dust samples, containing crustal elements such as Mg, A1, Si, Ca, Fe, etc. The high sulfur content indicated that homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions took place on the surfaces of the dust particles in the specific environment of Qingdao.     

Variability of carbonate pedofeatures in a loess-paleosol sequence and their use for paleoreconstructions

Carbonate pedofeatures were studied in details in a loess-paleosol pedocomplex near Kursk, in the central part of the European Plain. The soils studied included a modern Chernozem and five Pleistocene paleosols. Carbonate morphologies and distributions were described in the field. Various morphologies were sampled for further studies including micromorphology in thin sections and submicroscopic studies under a scanning electron microscope. The complex approach of investigation at macro-, micro-, and submicroscopic levels found that most of carbonate pedofeatures are secondary and multiphase. Many of them are related to cryogenic features. The general trend was of decreasing carbonate content in the older paleosols except for increased content in the 1St and 3rd paleosols. Most of carbonate morphologies are similar in the modern soil and paleosols, but pseudomycelium was found only in the modern Chernozem, while soft masses and impregnations are associated with the paleosols. Detailed study on carbonate attributes revealed their specific features in the modern soil and in paleosols. Veins have dissolution features under the modern environment and seem to reprecipitate in form of pseudomycelium. Coatings in paleosols at a depth of the Ist paleosol include specific fine tubes. Powdery soft masses and impregnations in the paleosols are strongly related to cryogenic fissures and paleopermafrost level. Under SEM they consist of tiny crystals, much smaller than in regular soft masses. Several types of hard concretions were identified：rounded, irregular and platy. Small concretions in the modern Chernozem have similar morphology and similar 14C-age as the rounded concretions of the upper paleosols. They are expected to represent the same generation of concretions. Platy concretions fill the bottom part of the large fissures. The 14C-age of hard concretions varies from 3310±80 yrs. B.P in the Ist paleosol up to 20 400 yrs. B.P. in the 3^rd. As a result we found the reflection of several wet-dry and cold-warm stages in carbonate morphologies and distributions. High variability of carbonates at macro-, micro- and submicroscopic levels indicates several generations and multiphase formation of carbonate pedofeatures in the loess-paleosol pedocomplex. Carbonate pedofeatures in the examined pedocomplex are more informative for the study of late Pleistocene and Holocene climatic cycles rather than characterization of a single paleosol.     

鲁西南煤夹矸的矿物学特征研究及应用前景

对鲁西南上石炭统11层煤和7层煤夹矸的化学成分和矿物学特征进行了研究，结果表明，这两层煤夹矸属于硬质高岭土，成分接近于纯净的高岭石，伴生有石英、黄铁矿、少量长石及微量锆石和磷灰石等矿物。光学及扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射分析和红外分析等系统性研究的结果表明，高岭石主要有两种存在形式，一种呈蠕虫状集晶，另一种是隐晶质或胶状高岭石，测得其结晶指数分别为0．54—0．74和0．47—0．53，说明其有序度偏高；化学分析结果表明，其化学成分接近于高岭石的理论值，A1203含量达35％—37％，Si02含量为47％—48％，碱金属、碱土金属及其他氧化物含量很低。高岭石泥岩夹矸的矿物、化学成分及工艺物理性能表明：它是一种开采成本低、利用价值高的高岭土资源之一，不仅可作为优质陶瓷原料用来生产长石质瓷，也可用于生产聚合铝及4A分子筛，并且在矿物填料和其他工业部门也有广阔的开发应用前景。     

扫描电子显微镜对花岗岩中主要矿物裂隙作用的研究(英文)

微裂隙对于岩石的物理性质有重要影响.通过光学显微镜对显微裂隙进行的观察,难以将薄片的制作过程中产生的裂隙同自然裂隙区分;其次,观测的裂隙大小限制在0.1mm或以上数量级,一些重要细节观察不到.扫描电镜的高放大倍数和三维分辨率使其成为适合于裂隙研究的理想工具.利用扫描电镜观测了浙江花岗岩在室温下由51.6MPa压力产生的裂隙的发育过程.观察花岗岩的表面以研究其微裂隙和矿物的解理、晶形及破裂作用.微裂隙分为3种类型:晶体内裂隙(完全发育在颗粒内部),晶体间裂隙(穿过颗粒边界进入其他颗粒中),颗粒边界裂隙(沿颗粒边界发育或与边界重合).本研究中的花岗岩为中—粗粒(1～6mm),经过蚀变,约含40%斜长石,25%钾长石,25%石英,10%镁铁矿物(主要为黑云母和白云母).(1)石英裂隙表面的石英颗粒具有边界破裂和贯穿颗粒破裂.贯穿石英颗粒的破裂常呈贝壳状断口.变形集中带与滑动面相伴,其上发育有擦痕和沟槽,这是石英典型的脆性破裂类型.石英矿物的贝壳状破裂产状指示其变形作用早期的碎裂作用,在变形作用中发生交代作用.一些平滑的破裂面上没有石英颗粒的微裂隙构造,但在石英表面却有明显的擦痕面,可指示应力的方向.由于石英的各向异性,这些面也是由贯穿颗粒破裂所形成.一些开放的裂隙集中于石英晶体之中或沿     

大兴安岭北段三道湾子碲化物型金矿床的发现及意义

大兴安岭北段三道湾子金矿床属于中一低温热液型金矿床。含金石英脉产于上侏罗统塔木兰沟组粗面安山岩和粗面安山质角砾岩中。通过光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜观察和能谱分析。在矿脉中发现大量金、银碲化物。该矿物组合中Au、Ag、Te的含量统计分别为：Au30．20wt％、Ag34．35wt％和Te35．45wt％。该矿床可以与国际上典型的浅成低温热液Au-Ag-Te矿床对比。     

大别山锆石喇曼光谱初步研究

对北大别地区的鹿吐石，道士冲和南大别地区的三祖,双河片麻岩锆石进行了激光喇曼探针，背散射电子显微镜（BSE）观察了U，Th等微量元素的组成分析，发现锆石喇曼光谱波数和半高宽都能指示其蜕晶化程度，而大多数情况下B1g(v3)峰更特征些。单颗粒锆石内部BSE图像与喇曼光谱能完全对应。通过锆石微区微量元素和喇曼探针分析发现，半高宽和Th/U比正相关，这是由于岩浆锆石在变质过程中不同程度的重结晶作用造成的。锆石重结晶人用是变质岩中锆石年龄和化学组成变化的主要原因。三祖寺片麻岩可能曾经遭受过燕山期的热事件扰动。