塔里木河下游生态输水效应北大核心CSCD

分析塔里木河下游生态输水效应可为优化生态输水调配策略提供科学指导。基于Landsat系列影像、气象数据和现场钻探数据,解译土地利用类型及植被覆盖度,确定植被耗水量及地下水埋深演变趋势,以探讨生态输水的多重效应。结果显示:(1)2000—2020年,塔里木河下游林草地面积、覆盖度增长显著,1亿m^(3)生态水分别对应5.40 km^(2)天然植被面积及0.14%植被覆盖度增长。(2)2000—2015年植被耗水量重心沿塔里木河干流方向迁移,2015—2020年向自然漫溢区迁移,共向东南迁移4 359 m。(3)自然漫溢区内地下水埋深增幅高达5 m,主河道沿线2 km范围增加1~3 m,河道以外2~5 km区域地下水埋深增加0~1 m。(4)天然植被适宜耗水量约为200 mm·a^(-1),生态输水前期仅在主河道沿线局部区域存在低效耗散,后期大量集中于自然漫溢区。21年生态输水实践表明,天然植被明显改善,地下水位明显回升,生态输水效应显著;但受既有输水方式固化的制约,生态水量空间分布不均衡和低效耗散增大,生态输水方式仍存在优化的必要性。     

基于多源数据的城市活力与建成环境非线性关系研究——以双休日武汉市主城区为例北大核心CSCD

通过优化城市建成环境来营造和发展城市活力是建设充满活力的城市空间的重要举措。论文以双休日武汉市主城区为例,使用人口热力数据量化城市活力的时空分布特征;选用基于梯度提升决策树的SHAP可解释性模型(gradient boosting decision tree-Shapley additive explanations,GBDT-SHAP)测算城市建成环境对城市活力的非线性影响,并提取关键变量的最佳阈值。结果表明:(1)双休日武汉市主城区城市活力的分布具有明显的时间、空间和功能异质性。城市活力在空间上整体呈现出“中心高、外围低”的特征;在时间上,从7:00开始逐渐提升,下午和晚间达到顶峰。(2)武汉市主城区建成环境显著影响了城市活力强度,且其非线性影响和阈值效应明显:大型商圈的影响阈值大致在3000~4000 m,地铁对城市活力的影响主要在城市内部且地铁站服务范围在1500 m以内,POI混合度超过0.4后会抑制城市活力。SHAP模型弥补了传统多元线性模型在可解释性上的不足。(3)到CBD的距离、离地铁站距离、天空开敞度以及商业类型存在时间驱动效应,随时间变化对城市活力的影响重要性会发生相应变化。研究结果可为武汉市主城区城市规划设计提供依据:贯彻公共交通为导向的开发理念,做好地铁交通与大型商圈的衔接,是增强城市活力的有效措施;设置户外开放空间,有利于促进居民晨练和社会活动;增加小型餐饮和娱乐场所也是增强夜间活力的措施。     

城市活力与建成环境的非线性关系和阈值效应研究——以广州市中心城区为例

城市地理与城乡规划一直关注城市活力与建成环境的关系。论文以广州中心城区为例,通过采集百度热力图、建筑矢量数据、路网数据、兴趣点数据等多源空间大数据,应用梯度提升决策树模型,探究建设强度、功能性质和交通可达性3个维度的建成环境要素对城市活力影响的非线性关系和阈值效应,并对比工作日白天与夜间的影响差异。研究发现：(1)容积率对城市活力塑造的相对重要性最高,其次是休闲设施密度与公交密度,且白天与夜间的差异不显著。合理的开发建设强度、集聚的休闲与办公设施、公交导向交通发展,更有助于塑造充满活力的城市。(2)各建成环境要素与城市活力之间均存在非线性关系和阈值效应,且部分建成环境要素白天与夜间的差异较明显。研究结论可为精细化的建成环境规划与治理以促进城市活力提供一定的政策启示。     

Short- and long-term response of phytoplankton to ENSO in Prydz Bay,Antarctica: Evidences from field measurements,remote sensing data and stratigraphic biomarker records

The study provides one of the first lines of evidence showing linkages between Antarctic phytoplankton abundance and composition in response to ENSO, based on historical reconstruction of sediment biomarkers. In addition to sediment biomarkers, field measured and remote sensing data of phytoplankton abundance were also recorded from Prydz Bay, Eastern Antarctica. Com-munity structure of field measured phytoplankton showed significant El Ni？o/La Ni？a-related succession during 1990 to 2002. In general, the number of algae species decreased during El Ni？o and La Ni？a years compared to normal years. Austral summer monthly variation of remotely sensed chlorophyll-a （Chl-a）, particulate organic carbon （POC）, and sea surface temperature （SST） indicated that ENSO impacted the timing of phytoplankton blooms during 2007 to 2011. Phytoplankton blooms （indicated by Chl-a and POC） preceded the increases in SST during El Ni？o years, and lagged behind the SST increases during La Ni？a years. Stratigraphic record of marine sedimentary lipid （brassicasterol, dinosterol and alkenones） biomarkers inferred that the proportions of different algae （diatoms, dinoflagellates and haptophytes） changed significantly between El Ni？o and La Ni？a events. The relative proportion of diatoms increased, with that of dinoflagellates being decreased during El Ni？o years, while it was reversed during La Ni？a years.     

Soil and vegetation seasonal changes in the grazing Andean Mountain grasslands

Andean grasslands ecosystems are fragile environments with rigorous climatologic conditions and low and variable food for the grazing. The Apolobamba area is located in the Bolivian Andean Mountains. Its high grasslands provide a natural habitat for wild and domestic camelids such as vicuna（Vicugna vicugna） and alpaca（Lama pacos）. The botanical diversity plays an essential role in maintaining vital ecosystem functions. The objectives of this research were to determine the seasonal changes in soil properties, to study the vegetation changes during the wet and dry seasons and the influence of soil properties and camelid densities on the vegetation in the Apolobamba grasslands. Four zones with different vicuna populations were selected to be studied. The following soil parameters were determined： total organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorous, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable cations, pH and texture. The vegetation season changes were studied through botanical identification, above-ground biomass, plant cover and species richness. Results showed that some soil properties such as C/N ratio, CEC, silt and clay percentages kept stable against the seasonal changes. Generally, soil nutrients were relatively higher during the dry season in the surface and subsurface. The results did not point out the predominant vegetation growth during the wet season. The seasonal vegetation growth depended on each species. Thegood soil fertility corresponded to the highest plant cover. Soil fertility presented no influence on the above-ground biomass of the collected species. The negative influence of camelid grazing on soil properties could not be assessed. However, overgrazing could affect some plant species. Therefore, protection is needed in order to preserve the biodiversity in the Andean mountain grasslands.     

Biodiversity and invasibility: Distribution patterns of invasive plant species in the Himalayas,Nepal

Invasive plant species are exerting a serious threat to biological diversity in many regions of the world. To understand plant invasions this study aims to test which of the two plant invasiveness hypotheses; ‘low native diversity' vs. ‘high native diversity', is supported by the regional distribution patterns of invasive plant species in the Himalayas,Nepal. This study is based on data retrieved from published literatures and herbarium specimens. The relationship between invasive plant species distribution patterns and that of native plant species is elucidated by scatter plots, as well as by generalized linear models. The native plant species and invasive plant species have similar distribution patterns and the maximum number of invasive plant species is found in the same altitudinal range where the highest richness for native tree species is found. There is a clear trend of higher invasive plant richness in regions where native tree species richness is relatively high.Consequently, the native plant richness is highest in the central phytogeographic region, followed by the eastern and the western regions, respectively. The invasive plant species also follows a similar trend.Additionally, the invasive plant species richness was positively correlated with anthropogenic factors such as human population density and the number of visiting tourists. This study supports the hypothesis that ‘high native diversity' supports or facilitates invasive plant species. Further, it indicates that nativeand invasive plant species may require similar natural conditions, but that the invasive plant species seem more dependent and influenced by anthropogenic disturbance factors.     

Uptake and recovery of soil nitrogen by bryophytes and vascular plants in an alpine meadow

Due to their particular physiology and life history traits, bryophytes are critical in regulating biogeochemical cycles and functions in alpine ecosystem. Hence, it is crucial to investigate their nutrient utilization strategies in comparison with vascular plants and understand their responses to the variation of growing season caused by climate change. Firstly, this study testified whether or not bryophytes can absorb nitrogen(N) directly from soil through spiking three chemical forms of 15N stable isotope tracer. Secondly, with stronger ability of carbohydrates assimilation and photosynthesis, it is supposed that N utilization efficiency of vascular plants is significantly higher than that of bryophytes. However, the recovery of soil N by bryophytes can still compete with vascular plants due to their greater phytomass. Thirdly, resource acquisition may be varied from the change of growing season, during which N pulse can be manipulated with 15N tracer addition at different time. Both of bryophytes and vascular plants contain more N in a longer growing season, and prefer inorganic over organic N. Bryophytes assimilate more NH4+ than NO3– and amino acid, which can be indicated from the greater shoot excess 15N of bryophytes. However, vascular plants prefer to absorb NO3– for their developed root systems and vascular tissue. Concerning the uptake of three forms N by bryophytes, there is significant difference between two manipulated lengths of growing season. Furthermore, the capacity of bryophytes to tolerate N-pollution may be lower than currently appreciated, which indicates the effect of climate change on asynchronous variation of soil N pools with plant requirements.     

中国恐龙地质公园知多少？——亿万年前的恐龙世界

恐龙,在地球生物史的芸芸众生中,是一个最令人怦然心动的名字。它们生活在距今约2.2亿年前到距今约6500万年前的地球上,曾是统治地球长达1.5亿年的霸主。然而,就在6500万年前,它们突然之间全部灭绝,给后世的人们留下了数不尽的困惑,成了地球生物演化史上的一个不解之谜。     

基于Ripley’s K函数浙江城市空间格局及其影响分析

以Ripley′s K函数为核心,通过城市区位与规模联立估计、地理权重引入、全局函数分解等手段,研究2001~2010年浙江省已有县级及以上城市空间分布的总体及局部估计问题,探讨城市空间格局与特征,以期揭示边界效应和市场潜力对浙江城市空间格局的影响机理。结果表明:1浙江省城市区位与规模的空间格局不一致,即前者是分散分布而后者是集聚分布,且随着空间尺度的增加,其分散或集聚程度逐步加强。2无论是行政边界还是海岸线,对浙江省城市区位与规模的空间分布演化有一定的负向作用。空间尺度越大,边界负效应越强。3在城市化发展过程中,浙江形成了3个各具产业特色的块状组团式城市聚集区,但边界负效应会抑制它们的发展,此时杭州、宁波将承担起服务全省经济的重要职责。4浙江城市规模因受市场潜力因素的影响会出现空间分布不均衡性。城市规模与市场潜力显著正相关,其程度却随着空间尺度的增加而减小。     

青海湖沙地麦草方格沙障的蚀积效应与规格选取

根据青海湖克土沙地6种不同规格麦草方格沙障的全年插钎蚀积监测和风季后凹曲面形态测量,各规格凹曲面的形成主要受控于冬春季节西风和西北风的控制。东西向1 m间距的小规格堆积沙埋严重,蚀积强度大于15 g/cm2,且全年处于不断堆积状态;2 m间距的大规格中心偏南部位侵蚀严重,蚀积强度小于10 g/cm2;1.5 m间距的规格蚀积强度适中,容易形成稳定凹曲面,且蚀积年变化较小。综合分析,1.5 m×1.5 m规格的综合防护指数最大为0.64,为高寒沙区最为适宜的规格,其余规格可视地形和风况环境适当采用。