基于综合指标法的中国生态系统服务保护有效性评价研究

将生态系统服务保护纳入到传统的以保护区为基础的自然保护之中是生态保护研究的新领域。利用综合指标方法,分析了中国从2000-2010年的4种生态系统服务时空变化特征;并对中国的七大生态保护和恢复区域的服务空间保护成效进行评价,提出了国家尺度上的生态系统服务保护优先性分级。主要结论为：① 中国的生态系统服务自西北向东南逐渐增加,显著增加区主要分布在黄土高原地区,显著减少区主要分布在东北及华北地区。黄土高原的生态系统服务提高主要是农田向草地和林地、草地向林地的转换引的;华北地区的降低主要是耕地的减少以及人工用地的增加引起的;东北地区是由于林地向耕地草地、耕地向湿地与人工用地的转换引起的。② 七大生态保护和恢复区的生态系统服务均为增加趋势而且显著增加面积大于减少面积;显著增加面积最大的为三北防护林工程区、最小的为重点生态功能区;显著减少最大为重要生态功能区、最小的为三北防护林工程区。而且,对服务的保护成效在重要生态功能区最高,其次为天然林保护工程区,其余区域均小于全国平均水平。③ 提出的生态系统服务保护优先性等级中,极高级别占到了国土面积的26.18%,保护的生态系统服务量占到全国总量的64.19%,保护成效为全国平均水平的2.47倍。     

河西走廊西段戈壁灌木群落多样性及其分布格局研究

通过野外样方调查河西走廊西段荒漠戈壁典型灌木群落多样性状况,研究探讨了8种典型灌木群落物种多样性的空间分布格局及其与地理因子的关系,对荒漠戈壁植物群落的多样性的保护和可持续发展具有重要意义。结果表明:(1) 8个典型灌木群落Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Margalef指数和Pielou指数从高到低为:盐爪爪群落>麻黄群落>合头草群落>红砂群落>梭梭群落>泡泡刺群落>多枝柽柳群落>沙拐枣群落;波动范围分别为0.314～1.355、0.179～0.666、0.334～1.222和0.051～0.218,说明荒漠戈壁灌木群落物种多样性指数偏低,群落结构简单,物种组成稀少。(2)不同灌木群落内物种数越多,群落间Jaccard相似性系数越大。大部分灌木群落类型间Jaccard相似性在0.20～0.60之间,群落间相似水平较低,群落相对稳定。(3)随着海拔的升高,Margalef指数、Pielou指数和Shannon-Wiener指数均呈先增加后降低的单峰型分布格局,最大值出现在海拔2 000 m,且与海拔显著相关(P<0....     

基于环境DNA宏条形码技术的水体无脊椎动物多样性研究：以广州海珠湖为例

于2021年1月,利用环境DNA宏条形码（eDNA）技术,对广州海珠国家湿地公园海珠湖的水体和沉积物进行无脊椎动物多样性和群落结构调查,并比较了eDNA和传统形态学鉴定对浮游动物的检出能力。结果表明：eDNA检出海珠湖无脊椎动物9门16纲34目71科93属137个可操作分类单元（OTUs）;其中,水采样品中共检出9门50属68个OTUs,网采样品中共检出6门27属35个OTUs,沉积物休眠卵样品中共检出9门70属103个OTUs。水采和网采样品中,主要的无脊椎动物均为轮虫动物门和节肢动物门;沉积物中主要的无脊椎动物为环节动物门和节肢动物门。沉积物休眠卵OTU丰富度最高,水采样品的OTU丰富度高于网采样品。比较浮游动物的形态鉴定和eDNA鉴定,发现后者在属水平上能鉴定出更多的种类;形态学鉴定的桡足类（100%）和多数轮虫（58.82%）可被eDNA注释出,而eDNA注释出的多数桡足类（71.43%）和轮虫（58.82%）在形态学鉴定中未发现;eDNA未注释出枝角类。结果表明,eDNA在无脊椎动物调查中具有较高的应用潜力,与传统形态学鉴定组合应用能更全面地了解无脊椎动物的种类和水生生物多样...     

Soil and vegetation seasonal changes in the grazing Andean Mountain grasslands

Andean grasslands ecosystems are fragile environments with rigorous climatologic conditions and low and variable food for the grazing. The Apolobamba area is located in the Bolivian Andean Mountains. Its high grasslands provide a natural habitat for wild and domestic camelids such as vicuna（Vicugna vicugna） and alpaca（Lama pacos）. The botanical diversity plays an essential role in maintaining vital ecosystem functions. The objectives of this research were to determine the seasonal changes in soil properties, to study the vegetation changes during the wet and dry seasons and the influence of soil properties and camelid densities on the vegetation in the Apolobamba grasslands. Four zones with different vicuna populations were selected to be studied. The following soil parameters were determined： total organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorous, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable cations, pH and texture. The vegetation season changes were studied through botanical identification, above-ground biomass, plant cover and species richness. Results showed that some soil properties such as C/N ratio, CEC, silt and clay percentages kept stable against the seasonal changes. Generally, soil nutrients were relatively higher during the dry season in the surface and subsurface. The results did not point out the predominant vegetation growth during the wet season. The seasonal vegetation growth depended on each species. Thegood soil fertility corresponded to the highest plant cover. Soil fertility presented no influence on the above-ground biomass of the collected species. The negative influence of camelid grazing on soil properties could not be assessed. However, overgrazing could affect some plant species. Therefore, protection is needed in order to preserve the biodiversity in the Andean mountain grasslands.     

丛粒藻形态多样性与遗传多样性研究

观察了采集自不同地点的3株丛粒藻(Botryococcus braunii)(AGB-Bb01、AGB-Bb02和AGB-Bb03)的显微结构和亚显微结构,以18S rDNA和ITS区序列为目标位点比较分析了16株丛粒藻藻株的遗传距离和序列相似性,重建了系统发生树。结果表明:丛粒藻不同地理株在细胞大小、聚落大小和聚落细胞数目方面存在较明显的差异,亚显微结构显示不同藻株的杯状鞘厚度及细胞包埋程度也存在差异;不同地理株间具有较高的遗传多样性,系统发生树显示所有藻株可分成2个簇群和4个亚群,存在一定程度的地理隔离。研究证明了18S rDNA和ITS区序列是进行丛粒藻基因分型和遗传多样性研究的良好位点。本研究为系统了解丛粒藻的遗传多样性和开展优良藻株选育工作奠定了基础。     

红树植物拟海桑及其亲本的根际细菌群落特征分析

植物根际微生物群落能够从亲本传递给子代, 从而影响植物的表型。野外调查发现, 海桑属(Sonneratia)红树植物自然杂交杂种拟海桑在野外通常比亲本生长更为强壮, 表现出极强的生存优势。为探究这一现象的原因, 本研究从根际微生物角度出发, 利用细菌16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术, 对采自海南省东寨港的三种红树植物拟海桑(S. × gulngai)及其亲本海桑(S. caseolaris)和杯萼海桑(S. alba)的根际土壤进行根际细菌群落特征分析。结果表明, 三种红树植物根际细菌群落多样性高, 种类丰富, 分属于30门242科351属, 其中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为最优势门, 在各个样本中丰度超过40%, 子代拟海桑继承亲本的根际微生物多数都属于这一类群。研究发现, 子代拟海桑与两亲本的根际细菌类群组成在门水平存在显著差异, 其中酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)在子代拟海桑中丰度分别为4.3%和6.5%, 显著高于亲本1%~2%的含量; 在亲本杯萼海桑中, 丰度高达19.8%的栖热菌门(Thermi)在子代中丰度仅有1%, 而热袍菌门(Thermotogae)(5%)甚至消失。总之, 子代拟海桑与亲本杯萼海桑的根际微生物群落组成相对于亲本海桑表现出更大的差异性。土壤理化性质分析发现, 子代拟海桑的土壤全氮(total nitrogen, TN)含量显著低于亲本, 含量相差3倍以上, 相关性分析表明, TN浓度与菌群中的浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)丰度显著负相关。通过功能预测分析发现, 子代拟海桑微生物群落中与基础代谢相关的碳水化合物、氨基酸、能量以及脂质代谢相关的功能基因丰度显著都高于亲本, 表现出代谢能力的增强。本研究认为, 子代拟海桑对亲本的根际土壤微生物进行了选择性继承, 菌群组成更为合理, 在保持菌群高度多样性的同时, 一些根际促生菌的含量增加, 使菌群基础代谢能力增加, 更有利于子代拟海桑的生长。     

Remote sensing of ecosystem services: An opportunity for spatially explicit assessment

Ecosystem service is an emerging concept that grows to be a hot research area in ecology. Spatially explicit ecosystem service values are important for ecosystem service management. However, it is difficult to quantify ecosystem services. Remote sensing provides images covering Earth surface, which by nature are spatially explicit. Thus, remote sensing can be useful for quantitative assessment of ecosystem services. This paper reviews spatially explicit ecosystem service studies conducted in ecology and remote sensing in order to find out how remote sensing can be used for ecosystem service assessment. Several important areas considered include land cover, biodiversity, and carbon, water and soil related ecosystem services. We found that remote sensing can be used for ecosystem service assessment in three different ways: direct monitoring, indirect monitoring, and combined use with ecosystem models. Some plant and water related ecosystem services can be directly monitored by remote sensing. Most commonly, remote sensing can provide surrogate information on plant and soil characteristics in an ecosystem. For ecosystem process related ecosystem services, remote sensing can help measure spatially explicit parameters. We conclude that acquiring good in-situ measurements and selecting appropriate remote sensor data in terms of resolution are critical for accurate assessment of ecosystem services.     

汤旺河下游大麻哈鱼产卵场河段大型底栖动物物种多样性和水体污染状况

2017年12月至2018年5月,在汤旺河下游大麻哈鱼(Oncorhynchus keta)产卵场河段,采用常规采样方法,开展了大型底栖动物和水体污染状况调查,以期为大麻哈鱼种群恢复提供研究基础。研究结果表明,大麻哈鱼产卵场河段中有大型底栖动物4门6纲50种,其中昆虫纲物种的数量最多;冬季,大型底栖动物群落的平均丰度和平均生物量分别为(144.80±81.71) ind./m~2和(4.42±3.81) g/m~2,优势种为条纹角石蚕(Stenopsyche marmorata)、蚊型前突摇蚊(Proclaclius culiciformis)和八目石蛭(Herpobdella octoculata);春季,大型底栖动物的平均丰度和平均生物量分别为(136.89±101.25) ind./m~2和(16.99±21.05) g/m~2,优势种为蚊型前突摇蚊和黑龙江短沟蜷(Semisulcospira amurensis);冬季和春季,河流水体都被轻度污染,水体中的溶解氧、氨氮、总磷、总氮和硝酸盐含量是影响春季大型底栖动物生物多样性的关键因子。汤旺河下游大麻哈鱼产卵场河段中的大型底栖动物资源丰富,丰度较高,能够满足大麻哈鱼幼鱼等底栖动物食性的鱼类对饵料的需求,但是其水体被轻度污染,因此,应该加强对集水区湿地和农业的生态管理,禁止损坏河道底质和破坏河流水生态系统的人类活动,改善河流水体的健康状况,以维持大麻哈鱼产卵场的稳定性和可持续性。     

Valuation of lake and marsh wetlands ecosystem services in China

Wetlands are highly productive natural ecosystems, providing valuable goods and services. There is growing interest in transferring ecosystem service value from the existing wetlands studied to other wetlands ecosystems at a large geographic scale. The benefit transfer method uses the known values from wetlands to predict the value of other wetland sites. This methodology requires only limited time and resources. The present study calculated the value of the ecological services provided by lake and marsh wetlands in China in terms of biodiversity indices, water quality indices and economic indices. Basic data on wetlands were obtained through remote sensing images. The results show that: 1) The total ecosystem service value of the lake and marsh wetlands in 2008 was calculated to be 8.1841 × 1010 United States Dollars(USD), with the marsh and lake wetlands contributing 5.6329 × 1010 and 2.5512 × 1010 USD, respectively. Values of marsh ecosystem service were concentrated in Heilongjiang Province(2.5516 × 1010 USD), Qinghai Province(1.2014 × 1010 USD), and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(1.1884 × 1010 USD). The value of the lakes were concentrated in Tibet Autonomous Region(6.223 × 109 USD), Heilongjiang(5.810 × 109 USD), and Qinghai(5.500 × 109 USD). 2) Waste treatment and climate regulation services contributed to 26.29% and 24.74% respectively, of the total ecosystem service value of the marsh wetlands. Hydrological regulation and waste treatment contributed to 41.39% and 32.75%, respectively, of the total ecosystem service value of the lake wetlands. 3) The total ecological service value of the lake and marsh wetlands was 54.64% of the total service value of natural grassland ecosystems and 30.34% of the total service value of forests ecosystems in China.