Impacts of soil fauna on litter decomposition at different succession stages of wetland in Sanjiang Plain, China

Litter decomposition is the key process in nutrient recycling and energy flow. The present study examined the impacts of soil fauna on decomposition rates and nutrient fluxes at three succession stages of wetland in the Sanjiang Plain, China using different mesh litterbags. The results show that in each succession stage of wetland, soil fauna can obviously increase litter decomposition rates. The average contribution of whole soil fauna to litter mass loss was 35.35%. The more complex the soil fauna group, the more significant the role of soil fauna. The average loss of three types of litter in the 4mm mesh litterbags was 0.3–4.1 times that in 0.058mm ones. The decomposition function of soil fauna to litter mass changed with the wetland succession. The average contribution of soil fauna to litter loss firstly decreased from 34.96% (Carex lasiocapa) to 32.94% (Carex meyeriana), then increased to 38.16% (Calamagrostics angustifolia). The contributions of soil fauna to litter decomposition rates vary according to the litter substrata, soil fauna communities and seasons. Significant effects were respectively found in August and July on C. angustifolia and C. lasiocapa, while in June and August on C. meyeriana. Total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) contents and the C/N and C/P ratios of decaying litter can be influenced by soil fauna. At different wetland succession stages, the effects of soil fauna on nutrient elements also differ greatly, which shows the significant difference of influencing element types and degrees. Soil fauna communities strongly influenced the TC and TP concentrations of C. meyeriana litter, and TP content of C. lasiocapa. Our results indicate that soil fauna have important effects on litter decomposition and this influence will vary with the wetland succession and seasonal variation. Foundation item: Under the auspices of State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China (No. 2009CB421103), Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40830535/D0101), Knowledge Innovation Programs of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX2-YW-BR-16, KSCX2-YW-N-46-06)     

泉州湾赤潮藻类优势种演替影响因子探讨

于2006年5—11月对东海泉州湾赤潮监控区设定4个采样站位,进行赤潮常规监测。结果表明,泉州湾藻类优势种由中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)、太平洋海链藻(Thalassiosira pacifica)、微小原甲藻(Prorocentrum minimum)、尖刺拟菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia pungens)、丹麦细柱藻(Leptocylindrus danicus)及旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curvisetus)等赤潮生物组成,虽然中肋骨条藻为最主要的优势种,但有3个站位出现了上述优势种的演替。通过深入分析该海域水质营养盐含量及组成结构的动态变化对赤潮藻类优势种演替的影响,发现由于不同的赤潮藻类种群具有各自的生态习性及适应环境的生长增殖策略,海域水质营养盐含量和组成结构的变化,会引起赤潮藻类种群增殖竞争力间强弱的相对变化,而种群增殖竞争力强的种类有可能迅速增殖取代原有的优势种而演替为新的优势种,这是一个动态的过程。     

新疆哈纳斯地区冰后期沉积环境的初步研究

本文阐述了哈纳斯湖地区末次冰期以来的环境变化,着重从湖岸剖面的孢粉组合变化,粒度、碎屑矿物特征来论述所出现的3-4次冷暖,干湿的气候波动及环境演替。     

硇洲岛大型海藻群落的季节演替*

2011年4月至2012年1月对硇洲岛潮间带大型海藻进行了周年的季节调查, 结果表明, 调查海域大型海藻共有64种。其中褐藻门15种, 占总种类数的23.44%; 红藻门28种, 占总种类数的43.75%; 绿藻门20种, 占总种类数的31.25%; 蓝藻门1种, 占总种类数的1.56%。其种类数春季最多, 共43种; 夏季24种; 秋季29种; 冬季31种。有9个物种为4个季节共有种, 有14个物种为3个季节共有种。各季节间共有种类数为12~26种, 季节间种类更替率为0.42~0.78, 春夏季种类更替率最高, 秋冬季种类更替率最低。优势种共有13种, 仅拟鸡毛菜Pterocladiella capillacea为全年优势种, 而半叶马尾藻Sargassum hemiphyllum和小珊瑚藻Corallina pilulifera为3个季节共有优势种。调查海域大型海藻生物量季节变化明显, 平均生物量春季最高, 冬季次之, 夏季最低。不同物种其垂直分带明显, 从高潮区往低潮区种类数不断增多; 生物量也是从高潮区往低潮区逐渐增大。物种多样性指数变化范围为0.03~2.33, 年均值为1.10; 均匀度变化范围为0.01~0.70, 年均值为0.36; 种类丰富度指数变化范围为0.15~1.65, 年均值为0.72; 辛普森优势度指数变化范围为0.01~0.78, 年均值为0.39。各大型海藻含水率变化范围在51.92%~97.52%, 平均值为85.21%; 总有机碳含量变化范围在4.34%~42.06%, 平均为27.99%。相关性分析发现, 调查海域大型海藻生物量与无机氮(DIN)呈显著负相关, 相关系数为0.49(P＜0.05), 与其他环境因子的相关性不明显。在大型海藻生长旺盛的冬春季, 海水中的无机氮(DIN)含量最低, 与其他自然海域冬季营养盐积累规律显著不同。     

河南禹州早二叠世山西组二1煤组植物化石

报道了河南省禹州市神垕镇马垌剖面山西组二₁煤组的植物化石21属42种。该植物群以真蕨纲和种子蕨纲繁盛为特征,楔叶纲、瓢叶目、科达纲、苏铁纲及石松纲植物亦有一定的数量,属于华夏植物群中期组合特征,地质时代为早二叠世亚丁斯克期。结合国内同期植物群的对比,首次将该植物群的发育与全球气候变化及海平面升降相联系:当气候由冰室气候转变为暖室气候、海平面上升时,植物群演替加快,光合效率增加引起O₂剧增及CO₂剧降。     

东秦岭陕西聂家沟剖面二叠纪—三叠纪之交沉积特征及其古环境意义*

东秦岭陕西镇安聂家沟地区二叠纪—三叠纪之交发育一套海相碳酸盐岩沉积序列,较完整地记录了二叠纪末生物大灭绝事件前后浅海碳酸盐岩台地相生物群落演替及环境变化等信息,是研究二叠纪末生物大灭绝事件前后生态环境变化与沉积响应的理想区域。通过碳酸盐岩微相分析方法,对陕西镇安聂家沟剖面二叠系—三叠系界线附近的碳酸盐岩生物组合和微相类型进行了详细分析,共识别出11个微相类型: 斑点状凝块石、叠层石灰岩、鲕粒—纹层状叠层石灰岩、有孔虫颗粒灰岩、藻—海百合泥粒灰岩、含有被包壳和被磨蚀骨屑颗粒的粒泥灰岩、鲕粒颗粒灰岩、集合颗粒灰岩、含鲕粒的粒泥灰岩、泥晶灰岩和泥岩。根据碳酸盐岩微相特征及沉积相标志,在二叠系—三叠系界限附近划分出台地边缘、开阔台地和局限台地3种沉积相,其反映了二叠纪—三叠纪之交频繁的沉积相带变更的特点。该剖面碳酸盐岩微相反映的古生态和生物群落演替特征与中国华南同时期其他剖面具有较好的一致性,即二叠纪末生物大灭绝事件之后,早三叠世正常浅水碳酸盐岩台地生物类型和丰度极低,仅含有少量的双壳类、海百合等,灭绝事件界线附近以微生物碳酸盐岩等特殊微生物沉积构造占主导,之后微生物岩等消失,又出现了以双壳类为首的生物碎屑石灰岩。研究结果为了解二叠纪末生物大灭绝事件中生物和环境的协同演化提供了新的材料和认识。     

岩溶区植被与岩石地球化学背景间相互作用机制研究进展

岩溶地貌主要是由碳酸盐溶解形成的特殊景观,岩溶区植被的生长发育受到基岩的制约,并演化出各种机制来适应岩溶区的独特环境。本文综述了岩溶地区植物对岩溶环境适应机制及植物生长对碳酸盐岩风化的驱动作用。通过总结发现：(1)植物主要通过分泌碳酸酐酶等有机物促进矿物分解、生物钻孔作用改善岩石表面的持水性能、根劈作用加速破碎岩石的崩解等化学生物和物理作用,促进了碳酸盐岩的风化溶解,形成独特的岩溶地球化学背景。(2)岩溶区植物通过调整自身结构和生理功能来适应干旱、高钙和营养元素缺乏等逆境。植物的抗旱性主要通过生理生化过程、形态结构和水分的利用方式来适应干旱或缺水环境,不同的植物进化出不同水分利用方式,提高水分利用效率,减少蒸腾;植物的高钙适应性是通过生理结构和生理过程来实现的,在高钙环境下的优势植物可通过形成钙化根、草酸钙含晶细胞和叶片调节等方式保持植株钙含量处于相对稳定的状态,并且植物还可以通过调节体内钙库和控制钙的吸收转运来控制细胞内钙离子浓度;根系分泌的有机酸和菌根能帮助植被在土壤中获取营养元素,以应对土壤的营养元素缺乏。(3)岩溶植被在正向演替过程中,土壤保水保肥能力增强、稳定性增加,物种的生...     

渭-库绿洲地下水对土壤盐渍化和其逆向演替过程的影响

基于遥感数据,结合地下水位观测资料,本文对渭-库绿洲土壤盐渍化与地下水的关系进行了定量研究,并探讨土壤盐渍化的逆向演替过程。研究表明:渭-库绿洲在地下水埋深2.3~2.7 m区间,盐渍地面积占的比例较高,在地下水埋深2.7~3.4 m区间,盐渍地面积占的比例相对较低;渭-库绿洲部分地方地下水位已低于影响地表盐渍化的水位临界值(4.66 m),地下水矿化度低于3 g/L,研究区整体处于有利于土壤盐渍化逆向演替的环境之中;土壤盐渍化的逆向演替过程具有时空特征,由绿洲上部向下部,内部向外部逐步发生逆向演替。     

Soil Erosion and Vegetation Succession in Alpine Kobresia Steppe Meadow Caused by Plateau Pika A Case Study of Nagqu County, Tibet

This paper evaluated the impacts of mounds created by the plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) on the vege- tation composition, structure, and species diversity of an alpine Kobresia steppe meadow in Nagqu County, Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Based on mound height or the depth of erosion pit, we defined five stages of erosion and compared the floristic features of communities at these stages with those in undisturbed sites. In the study area, the mounds and pits covered up to 7% of the total area. Lancea tibetica, Lamiophlomis rotata, and Potentilla bifurca were the dominant species in erosion pits, and Kobresia pygmaea, the dominant species in undisturbed sites, became a com- panion species in eroded areas. In the process of erosion, the original vegetation was covered by soil ejected by the pika, then the mounds were gradually eroded by wind and rain, and finally erosion pits formed. The vegetation coverage in- creased with increasing erosion stages but remained significantly lower than that in undisturbed sites. Improved coverage eventually reduced soil erosion, and pit depth eventually stabilized at around 20cm. Aboveground biomass increased with increasing erosion stage, but the proportion of low-quality forage reached more than 94%. The richness index and Shannon-Wiener index increased significantly with increasing erosion stage, but the richness index in mound and pit areas was significantly lower than that in undisturbed sites.