广东沿岸海雾决策树预报模型

利用汕头、珠海和湛江地面观测站2000-2008年1-5月的海雾历史观测资料和NCEP/NCAR FNL再分析资料,采用分类与回归树(CART)方法对海雾及其生成前24 h的海洋气象条件进行分类分析,建立了海雾决策树预报模型;并根据现有的海雾理论认识,对海雾预报规则包含的物理意义进行讨论.10次交叉检验的结果表明:采用...     

2020年夏季海洋天气评述

2020年夏季（6—8月）,北半球极涡呈现明显的单极型分布,极涡主体位于北极圈内,中心偏向东半球,中高纬环流呈现4波型分布。6—7月,西太平洋副热带高压较常年平均偏强,且位置偏西偏南,不利于热带气旋活动。2020年夏季共有8个热带气旋在西北太平洋和南海生成,其中7月没有热带气旋生成。除西北太平洋和南海之外,其他热带洋面另有20个热带气旋生成,其中北大西洋11个,东太平洋8个,北印度洋1个。受偏南暖湿气流的影响,我国北方海域多海雾天气。同时受入海气旋活动影响,多海上大风过程。夏季近海海域共出现了7次比较明显的海雾过程,其中6月3次,7月1次,8月3次。大风过程出现了10次,2次由热带气旋影响,7次与入海气旋活动有关。发生2 m以上的大浪过程12次,6—8月分别出现了4次、5次和3次。     

冷空气影响下的黄东海海雾特征分析

根据历史观测资料研究分析了我国黄海和东海沿海在冷空气影响下发生海雾的气候规律和海雾形成的海洋、气象条件,发现冷空气条件下的成雾主要发生在冬春季节,其中半数以上为浓雾过程,冷空气条件下成雾次数约占总雾次的15%,成雾时以弱冷空气过程为主,风向偏北,风速一般小于8 m/s,成雾的相对湿度条件有昼夜之分,夜间发生的雾大多数出现在空气处于或接近饱和状态之下,而白天发生雾时相对湿度条件限制要低一些。成雾时以气海温差在2.0 ℃以内时所占的比例最多,但当气温低于海温2.0 ℃以上时的海雾仍占15%的比例,它高于一般海雾发生时对应的海气温差值所占的百分比。东海海域的冷空气雾其近海面边界层大气普遍有逆温或近于等温情况,而黄海北部海域有逆温或等温的情况比较少。以冷空气影响下成雾最多的小洋山站为例,海雾维持时间大多小于2小时,约有19%的海雾维持时间大于4小时。当冷空气影响下海上出现雾时,临近陆地上的能见度一般都比较好,这与相邻沿海陆地区域一般并不形成有利的成雾条件有关。     

A Heavy Sea Fog Event over the Yellow Sea in March 2005： Analysis and Numerical Modeling

In this paper, a heavy sea fog episode that occurred over the Yellow Sea on 9 March 2005 is investigated. The sea fog patch, with a spatial scale of several hundred kilometers at its mature stage, reduced visibility along the Shandong Peninsula coast to 100 m or much less at some sites. Satellite images, surface observations and soundings at islands and coasts, and analyses from the Japan Meteorology Agency （JMA） axe used to describe and analyze this event. The analysis indicates that this sea fog can be categorized as advection cooling fog. The main features of this sea fog including fog area and its movement axe reasonably reproduced by the Fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model （MM5）. Model results suggest that the formation and evolution of this event can be outlined as： （1） southerly warm/moist advection of low-level air resulted in a strong sea-surface-based inversion with a thickness of about 600 m; （2） when the inversion moved from the warmer East Sea to the colder Yellow Sea, a thermal internal boundary layer （TIBL） gradually formed at the base of the inversion while the sea fog grew in response to cooling and moistening by turbulence mixing; （3） the sea fog developed as the TIBL moved northward and （4） strong northerly cold and dry wind destroyed the TIBL and dissipated the sea fog. The principal findings of this study axe that sea fog forms in response to relatively persistent southerly waxm/moist wind and a cold sea surface, and that turbulence mixing by wind shear is the primary mechanism for the cooling and moistening the marine layer. In addition, the study of sensitivity experiments indicates that deterministic numerical modeling offers a promising approach to the prediction of sea fog over the Yellow Sea but it may be more efficient to consider ensemble numerical modeling because of the extreme sensitivity to model input.     

The characteristics of sea fog with different airflow over the Huanghai Sea in boreal spring

Using the observations from ICOADS datasets and contemporaneous NCEP/NCAR reanalysis datasets during 1960-2002, the study classifies the airflows in favor of sea fog over the Huanghai (Yellow) Sea in boreal spring (April-May) with the method of trajectory analysis, and analyzes the changes of proportions of warm and cold sea fogs along different paths of airflow. According to the heat balance equation, we investigate the relationships between the marine meteorological conditions and the proportion of warm and cold sea fog along different airflow paths. The major results are summarized as follows. (1) Sea fogs over the Huanghai Sea in spring are not only warm fog but also cold fog. The proportion of warm fog only accounts for 44% in April, while increases as high as 57% in May. (2) Four primary airflow paths leading to spring sea fog are identified. They are originated from the northwest, east, southeast and southwest of the Huanghai Sea, respectively. The occurrence ratios of the warm sea fog along the east and southeast airflow paths are high of 55% and 70%, while these along the southwest and northwest airflow paths are merely 17.9% and 50%. (3) The key physical processes governing the warm/cold sea fog are heat advection transport, longwave radiation cooling at fog top, solar shortwave warming and latent heat flux between airsea interfaces. (4) The characteristics of sea fog along the four airflow paths relate closely to the conditions of water vapor advection, and the vertical distribution of relative humidity.     

GOES9云图在黄海海雾区域识别中的应用

海洋雾霾天气由于其特殊的发生环境,很难用常规站网方法来监测和预报。本文尝试在MM5模式下,用GOES9卫星的可见光云图和地面探空站资料,对2005年3月9日黄海区域的一次海雾进行研究。首先判定海雾类型,通过对云图的处理和多幅多次不同时刻可见光云图和地面能见度观测值的比较,确定雾区对应的可见光反照率为0.13,然后将此值应用到黄海2005年5月31日的海雾过程中去。结果证明:可见光云图上确定的雾区与沿海地面站实际能见度观测能很好的吻合起来。     

利用循环3DVAR改进黄海海雾数值模拟初始场Ⅱ:RAMS数值试验

第一部分的结果显示,利用WRF模式及其循环3DVAR同化方案(WRF循环3DVAR)能有效地提高黄海海雾WRF数值模拟的初始场质量。在此基础上,进一步提出利用WRF循环3DVAR形成的初始场驱动RAMS模式的思路,并以2006年3月6～8日的1次大范围黄海海雾事件为研究对象,设计并实施了一系列RAMS数值模拟对比试验。对试验结果的仔细分析表明,WRF循环3DVAR提供的初始场明显优于RAMS模式自身等熵面客观分析方法生成的初始场,它在动力与物理上非常协调且对模拟结果的改善相当显著。这说明WRF循环3DVAR可以为RAMS模式改进其初始场提供一条切实可行的途径。     

北部湾海雾气候特征分析及预报

统计分析北部湾海雾的气候特征及其形成的天气形势背景,分析对海雾形成有重要影响的因素,建立回归预报方程,确定预报临界值。根据预报临界值和相似原理,在相应历史样本库中找相似个例,根据相似个例和北部湾出现海雾的概率制作海雾预报。     

马尔柯夫链原理在海雾短期预报中的应用

本文应用了马尔柯夫链原理,采用转移概率矩阵的方法,建立了预报南海海雾的模式方程,且通过实际的业务试报反映出具有较好的预报能力。