加拿大海王星:科学、运行、管理

加拿大海王星是世界最大的海底缆接科学观测网,于2009年开始运行.它连接了位于不同水深和不同海洋地质环境的大批观测仪器,把数据连续不断地通过互联网传给科学家和大众.海王星的建立是为了推动地震过程和大地构造、海底地下流体、海洋生物与气候变化、深海生态系统、工程和信息科学等五大科学命题的研究.为最大程度地推动国际合作,加速科学发展步伐,它的系统使用完全开放,数据全部免费公开,这在科学史上前所未见.这种全方位、全开放的复杂庞大的科研系统需要高超的管理方法和优良的学术环境.     

东南极普里兹湾陆隆区脊状沉积体的结构和形成过程

东南极普里兹湾陆隆区发育数个近垂直陆缘的脊状沉积体,这些沉积体记录了区域冰川活动和底流变化的历史。本文主要利用多道地震资料和水深资料对这些脊状沉积体的平面展布、走向上的结构差异进行了研究,在此基础上讨论了不同脊状沉积体的形成过程。结果表明研究区内脊状沉积体有两种不同结构类型:西部Wild峡谷两侧不对称发育的浊流堤岸沉积形成两个平行峡谷的脊状沉积体;东部数个脊状沉积体的形成与其下长期存在的浊流活动引起的穿时沉积间断面有关。不同峡谷的浊流活动起始时代不一,西部的Wild峡谷起始时代和陆隆区冰海沉积起始时代(P1)一致;东部Wilkins峡谷以及Murray峡谷从后期的P3(约26.1 Ma)开始,代表普里兹湾地区的一次冰川极盛事件。研究区所有峡谷及其浊流活动均随时间向海扩展,造成相应的脊状沉积体向海扩展。在脊状沉积体外缘区域,浊流输送而来的细粒沉积物在向西的底流作用下形成大型深海沉积物波。     

广东近岸海湾表层沉积物的稀土元素特征及其物源示踪

本文对广东省近岸10个典型海湾的表层沉积物进行了系统的稀土元素(rare earth elements,REE)测试和分析,以期发现沉积物的物源组成特征及其控制因素。研究结果表明,同一海湾内沉积物的稀土丰度差异不明显,但不同海湾之间具有一定的差别(133.58—251.77mg.kg 1)。球粒陨石标准化配分曲线表现出轻稀土(La到Eu)富集、重稀土(Gd到Lu)亏损、δEu负异常等典型的陆源沉积物特征;PAAS(Post-Archean Australian Shale)标准化配分模式显示出明显的中稀土(Sm到Ho)富集特征,与已报道的国内河流沉积物REE特征相似。海湾沉积物与入海河流沉积物及流域内的原岩组成特征的比较说明,后者对海湾沉积物的控制作用明显。REE配分曲线的一致性和中稀土富集特征表明海湾沉积物主要来自汇入海湾的山溪及河流输入的沉积物。     

辽河三角洲地貌演化(英文)

This paper mainly analyzes the geomorphological changes of the tidal deposition in the Liaohe Estuary based on the multi-year bathymetric charts in 1990, 1996, 2002 and 2005 and Landsat TM images in 1987, 1994, 2002 and 2005. Evolution of the tidal depositional system during the past 20 years in the Liaohe River was studied on the basis of 50 boreholes drilling and 30 km shallow stratigraphic exploration from 2002 to 2005. The main tidal depositional body of the modern Liaohe River delta is located in the Shuangtaizihe Estuary. The stratum within the depth of 10 m includes tidal bank facies, tidal channel facies and neritic facies with paleo-delta facies underlying them. The sediments of tidal bank facies are mainly composed of sand and silt with siltation load and suspended load of about 50% respectively in proportion. The sediment of tidal channel facies and neritic facies is composed of clayey silt and silty clay which belongs to suspended load. The study area was a small bay between the old Daliaohe River, the old Dalinghe River and the Raoyanghe River complex delta since the Holocene to 1896. Many tidal banks formed and expanded rapidly after the Shuangtaizihe River was excavated by labor in 1896. The runoff and sediment discharge have decreased since the construction of brake at the Shuangtaizihe River in 1958.The Shuangtaizihe Estuary is in the state of deposition as a whole whose tidal bank is increasing and expanding southward, westward and northward. The maximum expansion speed is 87 to 683 m/a and the mean depositional rate is 0.189 m/a. Erosion occurred in some part of tidal bank with average erosional rate of 0.122 m/a. The tidal channel was filled up with sediment at a migration speed of 48–200 m/a. Geomorphologic changes have happened under the combined influences of runoff, ocean dynamics and human activities. The main source of sediment changes from river sediment to sediment driven by tidal current and longshore current.     

天然气水合物系统的环境效应

环境效应是天然气水合物科学体系中重要一环,同时,有关该领域的调查研究也是人类安全、环保、经济、科学地利用水合物资源的可靠保证。海底天然气水合物所孕育的独特的生态系统、与之关联的重大地学、环境问题以及资源的勘探开发均是充满魅力而又富有挑战的科学新领域。梳理了当前全球范围内有关水合物环境效应的大部分研究工作,综述了与天然气水合物环境有关的生物效应、化学效应和物理效应的研究现状及内容,着重强调了与该领域相关的基础问题和焦点问题,展望了该领域未来发展的趋势,希望藉此为我国的水合物环境效应调查与评价工作向纵深推进提供参考依据,并能引起广大研究者的兴趣与重视。     

闽江口—马祖海域地质条件对榕马大桥规划建设影响研究

基于现有的海岸带综合地质调查成果,对研究区地形(地貌)、基础地质、工程地质、新构造运动及潜在地质灾害等综合地质条件进行分析,研究其对榕马大桥规划建设的影响,并提出了相关建议,为榕马大桥后期勘查和施工建设提供基础地质资料和科学参考.     

Distributional characteristics of grain sizes of surface sediments in the Zhujiang River Estuary

Distributions of the parameters of sedimentary grain sizes and their correlations were studied to trace the sources of silts and their movement trends in the Zhujiang River Estuary based on the analyses of grain sizes from more than 1080 sedimentary samples. The distributions of the median diameter, public value, quartile deviation, and skewness of sediments were complex in the Zhuiiang River Estuary mainly because of the impact of the matter source regions, distances from the source regions, and hydrodynamic conditions, such as waves, tidal currents, and coastal currents. Analyses of the parameters of the grain sizes for the various types of sediments showed that the distributions of the surface sediments in the Zhujiang River Estuary were controlled by many factors. Their matter sources were mainly the sediments discharged from the runoffs and ebb tidal currents, and from the open sea. The sediments mainly moved by suspension movement. The silts formed a large area of sediments with suspended fine silts in the Zhujiang River Estuary by internal adjustment transportation in the area, and moved toward the western coast of the Zhujiang River Estuary under the effect of Coriolis forces and coastal currents.     

黄茅海河口湾现代动力地貌体系和冲淤过程分析

1980—1993年对黄茅海河口湾进行沉积物采样和水流测定及水深测量。根据水动力和地形条件，冲淤分析及Mclaren模型研究河口湾的动力地貌体系、冲淤特征和现代沉积物运移。结果表明：（1）水下地形主要为下泄流或上溯流控制的“深槽－槽沟－浅滩－湾口”的动力地貌体系，反映了河口湾“东进西出”的水流格局；（2）整个河口湾以淤积为主，只有崖门深槽有较明显的优势冲刷特征，并随着崖门深槽向海推移和河口湾“东进西出”水动力作用，黄茅海落潮三角洲相应向西南进积；（3）应用Mclaren模型揭示了黄茅海河口湾现代沉积物运移规律，同样反映了河口湾具有“东进西出”的运移趋势。     

人造海洋涌升流和海洋渔场

针对渔业资源日趋减少和鱼产品需求不断增加的矛盾，探讨了建造海底山脉、人工制造海洋涌升流、从而人工制造优良海洋渔场的可行性，分析了我国建造海底山脉的水深、海底和海流条件。介绍了建造海底山脉的建筑方法和国际上建造海底山脉的最新动态。论述了我国在200n mile以内建造海底山脉的有利条件。