养殖活动对超微型浮游生物分布影响的研究

利用流式细胞仪对河北省扇贝养殖区微微型浮游植物、异养细菌、浮游病毒4季的丰度分布特征进行了研究,分析了三者与环境因子的相关性,并与渤海、北黄海非养殖区的超微型浮游生物丰度的分布特征进行对比。结果显示:在养殖区海域,聚球藻丰度在9.00×102—7.07×105cell/m L之间,峰值出现在秋季,且与其他季节差异显著(P0.01)。微微型真核藻类丰度在5.80×102—3.23×105cell/m L之间,夏季赤潮暴发期间,丰度达到3.23×105cell/m L,显著高于其他季节(P0.01)。异养细菌丰度在3.10×105—3.79×106cell/m L之间,峰值出现在秋季,夏、秋季丰度显著高于春、冬季(P0.01)。浮游病毒丰度在2.50×105—2.17×106cell/m L之间,峰值出现在秋季,但无显著性季节差异(P0.05)。通过主成分分析发现,聚球藻、微微型真核藻类、异养细菌和浮游病毒的丰度在不同季节受到不同环境因子的影响。在春、冬季,温度是主要影响因素;而在夏、秋季,主要受到营养盐的影响。养殖区与非养殖区超微型浮游生物主成分4季均有显著差异,养殖区异养细菌4季均是超微型浮游生物的主成分,而非养殖区超微型浮游生物的主成分4季均是微微型浮游植物,结果表明养殖活动显著影响了养殖区超微型浮游生物的群落结构和功能。     

黄海冷水团海域微型异养鞭毛虫与细菌的弱耦合关系

A study was carried out to investigate the grazing pressure of heterotrophic nanoflagellates(HNF) on bacteria assemblages in the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(YSCWM) area in October, 2006. The results show that the HNF abundance ranges from 303 to 1 388 mL-1, with a mean of 884 mL-1. The HNF biomass is equivalent to 10.6%–115.6% of that of the bacteria. The maximum abundance of the HNF generally occurred in the upper 30 m water layer, with a vertical distribution pattern of surface layer abundance greater than middle layer abundance, then bottom layer abundance. The hydrological data show that the YSCWM is located in the northeastern part of the study area, typically 40 m beneath the surface. A weak correlation is found between the abundances of HNF and bacteria in both the YSCWM and its above water layer. One-way ANOVA analysis reveals that the abundance of HNF and bacteria differs between inside the YSCWM and in the above water mass. The ingestion rates of the HNF on bacteria was 8.02±3.43 h-1 in average. The grazing rate only represented 22.75%±6.91% of bacterial biomass or 6.55%+4.24% of bacterial production, implying that the HNF grazing was not the major factor contributing to the bacterial loss in the YSCWM areas.     

海洋污损细菌群落结构及其发酵液中化学成分的研究

从烟台附近海域通过挂板取样获得了污损微生物膜样品。利用高通量测序鉴定其中细菌有假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas sp.),芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.),盐单胞菌(Halomonas sp.),嗜冷杆菌(Psychrobacter sp.),肠杆菌(Enterobacter sp.)。通过对微生物膜污损细菌进行发酵培养,结合天然产物分离纯化和核磁共振鉴定技术,共从发酵液中分离并鉴定了9种次级代谢产物,其中4种是二酮哌嗪(Diketopiperazine,DKP)类信号分子,环(脯氨酸-甘氨酸)(1),环(脯氨酸-丙氨酸)(2),环(4-羟基-脯氨酸-亮氨酸)(3),环(脯氨酸-酪氨酸)(4),以及尿嘧啶(5),胸腺嘧啶(6),对羟基苯乙醇(7),十五烷酸(8),邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己)酯(9)。研究结果表明,烟台海域污损微生物膜中细菌组成多样,以假交替单胞菌和芽孢杆菌为主;污损细菌产生了多种代谢物,其中包括4种DKP类信号分子,该类物质可能对生物污损的发生具有调控作用,为探究生物污损和生物膜的作用机制奠定了基础。     

氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌在百花湖沉积物中的垂直分布

采用定量氨单加氧酶基因(amoA)的荧光定量PCR(qPCR)方法,分析了氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA)在百花湖沉积物中的垂直分布。以氨单加氧酶基因(amoA)数量来衡量氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA),结果表明:百花湖沉积物中AOA的amoA基因数量在1.74×105~2.00×106拷贝/克沉积物(湿重)之间,且22~30cm的各层沉积物中,AOA的数量是1~21cm各层沉积物的2倍左右;AOB的amoA基因在百花湖沉积物中的数量随深度的增加变化不大,其拷贝数在6.10×106~3.88×107拷贝/g沉积物(湿重)之间;AOB与AOA的amoA基因的比例在浅层沉积物和深层沉积物中存在一定的差异。这些结果表明AOB和AOA都参与百花湖沉积物中的氨氧化作用,从两类微生物的数量来看,AOB是参与百花湖沉积物中氨氧化作用的主要微生物,而AOA对氨氧化作用的贡献则随着沉积物深度的增加而提高。     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚及其降解产物对水生生物的毒理效应

研究了壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚及其降解产物 4 壬基酚对水生生物的毒理效应。结果表明 ,壬基酚聚氧乙烯 (10 )醚和 4 壬基酚对水生生态系统中的各级生物都有一定的急性毒性 ,水生生物对这 2种化合物的敏感性顺序为 :枝角类 >鱼类 >藻类 >微生物 ,且 4 壬基酚的毒性程度较壬基酚聚氧乙烯 (10 )醚更强。Ames试验同时表明 4 壬基酚具有致突变性 ,而壬基酚聚氧乙烯 (10 )醚则不显致突变活性。建议这 2种物质在水环境中的允许浓度为 :ρ(4 壬基酚 )≤ 0 .0 14mg/L ;ρ(壬基酚聚氧乙烯 (10 )醚 )≤ 0 .6 0mg/L。     

口腔细菌的妙用

瑞士科学家最近报道了人类口腔细菌在产生食物独特味道中发挥的作用。科学家在之前的研究中指出，一些蔬菜和水果只有在入口之后才会释放出独特的气味。在这个过程中，许多挥发性的化合物由其前体转化而成。这次，研究者发现，人类口腔中的一种厌氧菌在转化过程中发挥了重要作用，促使了气味的生成。研究者解释说，     

Screening and molecular classification of low-temperature protease from Antarctic microorganism and its characterization

107 strains producing protease were screened from 260 strains of Antarctic psychrophilic bacteria, among which proteolytic activity of five strains was more than 45 U ml^-1. The 16S rRNA gcne sequences homology and phylogcnetic analysis of five Antarctic psychrophillc bacteria showed that NJ276, NJS-9, NJ16-70,NJ345 belonged tO the described genus Pseudoalteromonas and NJ341 belonged to the genus Colwellia. The growth and the protease characteristic of four Antarctic psychrophilic bacteria had been studied, and the result showed that the 6ptimal temperature for growth and protease-produeing of four strains was about 10℃. Their growth and protease-produeing were still high during incubatlng 2-5 days. The maximum proteolytic activity occurred at pH 9 for four Antarctic psychrophilic bacteria. The optimal temperature of protease action of both strains NJ276 and NJ5-9 was about 50℃, however, the optimal temperature of protease aetlon of both strains NJ341 and NJ345 was about 40 ℃, and their proteolytic activity under 0℃ exhibited nearly 30% of the maximum activity, but their thermal stabilities were weaker. These results indicated that proteases from NJ341 and NJ345 were low-temperature proteases.     

The genotoxic effects of benzo[a]pyrene and methamidophos on black porgy evaluated by comet assay

In this study, two common pollutants （benzo[a]pyrene and methamidophos） in marine environment were tested by comet assay for their inducement of in vivo genotoxic effect to the blood cells of black porgy （ Acanthopagrus schlegeli）. The fish was exposed to 2 μg/L of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） and methamidophos, and their mixture. The assay was performed on whole blood at 2 h, 5 h, 24 h and 96 h exposure intervals. A significant increase in DNA damage was observed in each treatment with the pollutants. Additive effect of BaP and methamidophos was also found in the experiment. However, the decrease ratios of DNA damage for 5 h and 96 h exposure interals compared with 2 h and 24 h exposure ones, respectively, were noticed. This phenomenon may be explained by the function of repairing process via enzyme cytochrome P450 in the animal. Evidence of the genotoxicity of organophosphorus pesticides （OPs） and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） on marine fish are discussed in this paper.     

西藏纳木错沿岸表层水体浮游细菌群落结构及生态功能预测北大核心CSCD

浮游细菌群落对高原湖泊变化具有高度响应性,并且会影响高原湖泊生境的地球化学平衡。因此,了解高原湖泊中浮游细菌群落的分布特征,阐明其在高原湖泊生态系统中的生态功能具有重要科学意义。2021年5月对纳木错沿岸浮游细菌群落分布特征进行了调查研究,并采用16S rDNA高通量测序技术对样品进行分析,通过α-多样性指数分析浮游细菌群落的差异性,通过共现网络分析浮游细菌群落之间的相互作用,利用Pearson相关系数衡量理化因子与α-多样性指数的相关性,采用冗余分析(RDA)探讨水体理化因子对浮游细菌群落结构的影响,并基于PICRUSTt2对纳木错浮游细菌进行功能预测。结果表明:浮游细菌群落主要由变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)组成,其中变形菌门相对丰度最高,主要包括γ-变形菌纲(Gamma-proteobacteria)和α-变形菌纲(Alpha-proteobacteria);噬氢菌属(Hydrogenophaga)和嗜冷菌属(Algoriphagus)为相对优势菌属。α-多样性指数表明,纳木错浮游细菌群落比较丰富。共现网络节点间关系以正相关为主;总溶解固体量(TDS)和盐度(Sal)是影响纳木错浮游细菌群落结构的关键因子。功能预测结果显示,纳木错浮游细菌群落功能主要涉及代谢、遗传信息处理、环境信息处理等6类生物代谢通路,以及膜运输、氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢等46个子功能。综上所述,纳木错浮游细菌群落结构在各样点间存在一定差异,浮游细菌在门级水平上类群间相互作用主要为协同作用,其群落结构是多个因子共同作用的结果。研究阐明了纳木错浮游细菌群落组成和功能及其与环境因子的相互联系,可为当地生态环境保护提供科学依据。     

Isolation and biological characteristics of aerobic marine magnetotactic bacterium YSC-1

1 INTRODUCTION Magnetotactic bacteria are able to respond and orient along the direction of terrestrial or artificial magnetic field, a behavior referred to as magneto- taxis. In the majority of magnetotactic bacteria, the magnetosomes are 25–120 nm in d…