北部湾地区不同相对密度的海砂力学特性分析

为探究相对密度和有效围压对饱和海砂力学特性的影响,利用GDS动态三轴试验仪,对广西北部湾地区海砂开展了一系列固结排水三轴剪切试验,分析了相对密度、有效围压对饱和海砂强度特征、体变特征、割线模量以及摩擦角的影响规律。结果表明：随着围压的减小或相对密度的增大,试样体积应变不断增大,而相对密度或有效围压的增加均会提高试样的峰值强度,有效围压与峰值强度之间呈现良好的线性增长关系。随着围压的减小或相对密度的增大,应力相对软化系数、剪胀系数均不断增大,且有效围压与应力相对软化系数、剪胀系数分别呈线性和半对数线性相关。割线模量随轴向应变的增加整体呈衰减趋势,各试验工况下轴向应变为5%时试样的割线模量相比于轴向应变0.164%衰减了80%~90%。饱和海砂的峰值摩擦角随相对密度的增加而增大,随有效围压的增大而减小,相对密度D_r为50%时有效围压σ_c为50 kPa对应的峰值摩擦角是σ_c为200 kPa的1.098倍。     

电离层时变特性约束的BDS长距离RTK定位算法

电离层误差是影响长距离GNSS定位性能的主要因素,通常采用无电离层组合消除电离层误差的影响,但无电离层组合存在观测噪声放大、在多系统多频数据时无法对单个频率的观测值进行单独处理,直接消除电离层参数使得无法对电离层参数施加约束,而电离层的先验信息,时空约束信息更易获得,为此本文对非组合定位模型中电离层误差的时变特性进行研究。在非组合定位模型中电离层参数常被估计为随机游走,功率谱密度决定了随机游走的过程,也表达了电离层误差的时变特性,通过对功率谱密度的研究,对电离层参数进行合理的约束来改善定位的性能。不需要经验模型及人为的给予电离层参数时变约束信息,而是通过顾及电离层实时特性的电离层观测值确定功率谱密度值,提供了简单实用的电离层时变约束方法。通过试验验证采用Vondrak平滑方法进行电离层延迟的最佳平滑,能在削弱观测噪声的同时反映电离层实时变化,求得的电离层功率谱密度能显著提升整周模糊度收敛时间,使定位性能达到最优。对电离层时变约束的BDS三频观测数据长距离RTK定位试验表明：静态和动态定位模式下均能实现模糊度的快速固定,可满足高精度实时定位的需求。     

基于珞珈一号和OSM数据的呈贡区建筑密度估算

建筑密度是城市规划布局的一个重要指标。为了提高建筑密度的获取效率,本文提出一种结合珞珈一号数据和OSM数据的估算城市建筑密度的方法。基于珞珈一号数据,文中以固定大小的网格为单位采样分析了昆明市呈贡区灯光强度和建筑密度的拟合关系;基于OSM数据,利用GIS提取分析、数学分析等方法去除道路灯光对估算结果的影响。然后利用非线性拟合模型估算了昆明市呈贡区的建筑密度,得到其空间分布情况;并验证分析了估算模型的精度。结果表明,昆明市呈贡区的建筑密度与夜间灯光强度有较高的相关性,可以结合珞珈一号夜光影像数据和OSM道路数据估算城区的建筑密度。     

Species richness,diversity and density of understory vegetation along disturbance gradients in the Himalayan conifer forest

We investigated whether species richness, diversity and density of understory herbaceous plants differed along logging(gap) and grazing(primarily by cattle) disturbance gradients, and sought to identify drivers of richness, diversity and density of understory vegetation of logged sites. A factorial experiment was conducted in the mixed conifer forest of Gidakom in Western Bhutan. Levels of the logging treatment included small(0.15 – 0.24 ha), medium(0.25 – 0.35 ha) and large(0.36 – 1.31 ha) gaps. The grazing treatment included grazed(primarily by cattle) and ungrazed(where herbivores were excluded by a fence) plots nested within each gap. Data were collected from 12 gaps(4 replicates at each level of logging) using the point intercept method. Shannon Weaver Diversity and Margalef's indices were used to estimate species diversity and describe species richness, respectively. Soil samples were analyzed for pH and nutrients. The interaction effect of logging and grazing was significant(p≤0.001) only on species diversity. Relative to ungrazed areas, species diversity was significantly higher(0.01≤p≤0.05) in medium grazed gaps. Under grazed conditions, soil P was negatively correlated with gap size and species diversity. While species diversity was positivelycorrelated(0.01≤p≤0.05) with soil N in grazed plots species richness was positively correlated(0.001≤p≤0.01) with soil N in ungrazed plots. Relative density of Yushania microphylla and Carex nubigena were higher under ungrazed conditions. Our study suggests that the combined effect of cattle grazing and logging results in higher species diversity of understory vegetation in medium and grazed gaps in mixed conifer forests of Bhutan,whereas increase or decrease in relative density of major species is determined primarily by the independent effects of grazing and logging. From management perspective, forest managers must refrain from creating large gaps to avoid loss of nutrients(mainly P and N), which may eventually affect tree regeneration. Managers intending to maintain understory vegetation diversity must consider the combined effects of grazing and logging, ensuring low to moderate grazing pressure.     

毫米波云雷达功率谱密度数据的检验和 在弱降水滴谱反演中的应用研究

本文首先利用数值模拟的方法,分析了利用毫米波云雷达功率谱密度反演雨滴谱时,降水粒子米散射效应、空气湍流、空气上升速度等对雨滴谱和液态水含量等参数反演的影响;建立了功率谱密度处理及其直接反演雨滴谱、液态水含量、降水强度和空气上升速度的方法;并利用2012年7月在云南腾冲观测的二次弱降水数据,采用毫米波雷达和Ku波段微降水雷达观测的回波强度、径向速度垂直廓线以及780 m高度上的功率谱密度对比的方法,以及毫米波云雷达观测的780 m高度上功率谱密度、回波强度与地面雨滴谱计算得到的这些量的对比方法,分析了毫米波雷达数据的可靠性;并将780 m高度上毫米波雷达反演的雨滴谱与地面雨滴谱数据进行了对比,分析了毫米波雷达反演的雨滴谱的准确性;分析了毫米波雷达回波强度偏弱的原因,讨论了该高度以下降水对毫米波雷达衰减的影响。结果表明:空气湍流对弱降水微物理参数反演影响不大,而空气上升速度和米散射效应均对反演结果有一定影响;毫米波雷达观测到的径向速度和功率谱密度与微降水雷达比较一致,回波强度的垂直廓线的形状与微降水雷达也比较一致,但毫米波雷达观测的回波强度偏弱;与雨滴谱计算值相比,毫米波雷达观测的低层的回波强度也偏弱,天线上的积水是造成毫米波雷达回波强度变弱的主要原因。毫米波雷达观测的低层的功率谱密度与地面雨滴谱观测的数据形状比较一致,但有一定的位移。毫米波雷达反演的雨滴谱与地面观测的谱型和粒子大小也比较一致。这些结果初步验证了毫米波雷达观测的功率谱密度及其反演方法的可靠性。     

广东省地闪密度空间分布的特征分析

基于广东省1999—2012年的闪电定位系统数据,利用Arc GIS地统计分析模块,采用克里金插值法和分级统计方法研究广东省地闪密度空间分布规律并进行风险区域划分。结果表明：广东省平均地闪密度为14.12次/（km^2·年）;东莞、广州、佛山、中山、深圳为极高地闪密度区,年平均地闪密度达17.33-26.35次/（km^2·年）;惠州、茂名、湛江、阳江、江门为高地闪密度区,年平均地闪密度为达13.01-16.53次/（km^2·年）;珠海、肇庆、清远、云浮、汕尾为中地闪密度区,年平均地闪密度为10.01-12.72次/（km^2·年）;河源、揭阳、潮州、梅州、韶关、汕头为低地闪密度区,年平均地闪密度为8.29-9.81次/（km^2·年）。地闪密度风险的区域分布与雷暴日、地形和社会经济有关。     

Thermodynamic properties of snow cover on sea ice during the austral summer in Prydz Bay,East Antarctica

The thermodynamic properties of snow cover on sea ice play a key role in the ice-ocean-atmosphere system and have been a focus of recent scientific research. In this study, we investigated the thermodynamic properties of snow cover on sea ice in the Nella Fjord, Prydz Bay, East Antarctica(69°20′S, 76°07′E), near the Chinese Antarctic Zhongshan Station. Our observations were carried out during the 29th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition. We found that the vertical temperature profile of snow cover changed considerably in response to changes in air temperature and solar radiation during the summer. Associated with the changes in the temperature profile were fluctuations in the temperature gradient within the upper 10 cm of the snow cover. Results of previous research have shown that the thermal conductivity of snow is strongly correlated with snow density. To calculate the thermal conductivity in this study, we measured densities in three snow pits. The calculated thermal conductivity ranged from 0.258–0.569 W?m-1?K-1. We present these datasets to show how involved parameters changed, and to contribute to a better understanding of melting processes in the snow cover on sea ice.     

Modeling of spatial distributions of farmland density and its temporal change using geographically weighted regression model

This study used spatial autoregression（SAR） model and geographically weighted regression（GWR） model to model the spatial patterns of farmland density and its temporal change in Gucheng County,Hubei Province,China in 1999 and 2009,and discussed the difference between global and local spatial autocorrelations in terms of spatial heterogeneity and non-stationarity. Results showed that strong spatial positive correlations existed in the spatial distributions of farmland density,its temporal change and the driving factors,and the coefficients of spatial autocorrelations decreased as the spatial lag distance increased. SAR models revealed the global spatial relations between dependent and independent variables,while the GWR model showed the spatially varying fitting degree and local weighting coefficients of driving factors and farmland indices（i.e.,farmland density and temporal change）. The GWR model has smooth process when constructing the farmland spatial model. The coefficients of GWR model can show the accurate influence degrees of different driving factors on the farmland at different geographical locations. The performance indices of GWR model showed that GWR model produced more accurate simulation results than other models at different times,and the improvement precision of GWR model was obvious. The global and local farmland models used in this study showed different characteristics in the spatial distributions of farmland indices at different scales,which may provide the theoretical basis for farmland protection from the influence of different driving factors.     

基于空间综合分析的长株潭城市群结构评价与优化策略

长株潭城市群空间特征及优化策略可作为我国多中心城市群空间优化的典型样本之一.本文运用多维度空间分析方法,对长株潭城市群空间展开现状测度与评价,尊重城市群阶段特征,选取针对性指标对比反映空间内在特征.在采用核密度法分析2013年和2017年湖南省152个区县第二产业与就业指标的空间变化后,得出长株潭城市群已初步形成空间—...     

邵阳地区闪电活动特征及其与降水的关系

利用闪电定位资料和常规观测站24 h的降水资料,对邵阳地区2008-2010年的闪电特征进行分析,并进一步探讨了邵阳地区闪电与降水的关系。结果表明：邵阳地区闪电多以负地闪为主,地闪频次的最大值中心位于东北部,呈东北-西南减少的趋势;地闪频次存在明显的日变化特征,闪电集中发生在13-19时;有闪电时,降水量不超过1 mm和10 mm的降水个例分别为29.63 %,76.30%;无闪电时,其值分别为69.44 %,96.30 %;超过20 mm的降水大多伴随有闪电,无闪电时发生概率极小;地闪频次与闪电对流降水的拟合系数优于其与所有降水的拟合系数,且随着统计尺度的增大,地闪与闪电对流降水的相关性变强。