白暨豚研究与保护的回顾和展望

世界上的大江大河众多,但分布其中的淡水鲸类动物仅4种,它们是分布于南美洲亚马孙河和奥利诺科河水系的亚河豚;分别分布于印度次大     

二叠纪"茅口期"类动物的演化型式

论述了类背景演化和演化事件的区别,确定了"茅口期"类辐射演化和绝灭高峰的层位. 研究结果表明,"茅口期"类动物群经历了3次辐射演化和4次绝灭高峰. 类动物的演化型式揭示,"茅口期"集群绝灭开始于"茅口中期",而集群绝灭的高潮则发生在"茅口晚期"     

饲料碳水化合物与蛋白质水平对光裸星虫稚虫生长及体壁营养成分的影响

【目的】探究不同碳水化合物与蛋白质水平配合饲料对光裸星虫(Sipunculus nudus)稚虫生长及体壁营养成分的影响。【方法】以碳水化合物/蛋白质质量分数分别为39.46%/20.67%(EG1组)、34.97%/24.02%(EG2组)、30.48%/27.37%(EG3组)、25.99%/30.72%(EG4组)和21.50%/34.07%(EG5组)的饲料,饲喂体质量为(2.45±0.40)g的光裸星虫稚虫12周,测定稚虫的生长指标及体壁一般营养成分及氨基酸组成。【结果】随着碳水化合物水平降低、蛋白质水平升高,各饲料组光裸星虫的增重率和特定生长率均呈先升后降的趋势,其中EG2组的增重率和特定生长率显著性高于其余4组(P<0.05);EG2组的存活率显著高于EG3组、EG5组(P<0.05),但与EG1组、EG4组差异不显著(P>0.05);不同碳水化合物蛋白质水平饲料会影响光裸星虫稚虫体壁的水分及其干物质的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分、蛋氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、丙氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、酪氨酸和精氨酸的含量(P<0.05),而各组的其他氨基酸含量、必需氨基酸总量、呈味氨基酸总量、氨基酸总量则差异不显著(P>0.05)。【结论】当饲料碳水化合物/蛋白质质量分数为34.97%/24.02%时,光裸星虫增重率和特定生长率最高,且不会影响其体壁的氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸和呈味氨基酸含量。     

可口革囊星虫的营养成分分析与评价

测定了可口革囊星虫的营养成分,干物质中蛋白质、脂肪、总糖和灰分的含量分别为70.68%,2.29%,5.51%和15.32%。必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的35.41%,氨基酸分为32,化学分为19分。脂肪酸中不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)含量为81.22%,高于饱和脂肪酸(SFA);不饱和脂肪酸中高度不饱和脂肪酸(HUFA)的含量为54.27%;脂肪酸中EPA和DHA的含量为3.9%和0.12%。无机元素丰富,其中常量元素含量规律为Na>K>Mg>P>Ca,微量元素中Fe含量较高,其次为Mn和Zn。     

海南澳洲管体星虫卵细胞发育及生殖周期研究

澳洲管体星虫(Siphonosoma australe)是海南当地极具特色的星虫资源,经济价值高。近年来该资源急剧衰竭,开展星虫资源恢复与保护十分重要。文章对海南澳洲管体星虫卵细胞的显微与超微结构进行研究。结果显示:1)卵细胞发育经历4个阶段:生长前期,体腔液中大量光滑的凹饼状红细胞出现表面凹凸不平的褶皱(直径小于30μm),暗示这些红细胞是卵原细胞;生长后期,30～40μm的卵细胞表面褶皱消失,变成光滑的圆厚饼状,并出现厚度1μm的卵黄膜,卵黄颗粒开始积累;成熟前期,卵细胞球状,直径60～120μm,卵黄膜增厚至5～11μm,卵黄颗粒增多,细胞核增大,部分染色质形成高电子密度的团块散布于核内;成熟后期,直径120μm,卵黄膜厚11～12μm,卵黄颗粒充满整个卵细胞,膜孔外露于膜表层。2)成熟期澳洲管体星虫卵黄膜仅分为两层:有一定厚度的均质内层和多层重叠膜结构组成的外层,同时外层上覆盖有粒状突。膜孔结构简单,主要是膜凹陷折叠形成。3)卵黄颗粒分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型,其发生途径主要由线粒体、内质网、高尔基体和溶酶体等细胞器演变而成,亦可由卵母细胞吞饮而成。最为常见的是高尔基体包裹形成的Ⅱ型卵黄颗...     

海南岛桥虫类动物调查初步报告

1959年底,中国科学院海洋研究所在海南岛的海口、三亚港、东锣岛、东洲及西洲岛、马岭、鹿迴头、苍头前、白每头、盐灶、崖城、北港等地,进行了普遍调查,采得桥虫类动物,计星虫14种、螠虫2种,其中星虫有6新种,螠虫有1新属新种。由于采集期短,地区不广,所得种类,仅可代表一部分区系,先作初步报告如次。     

Comparative study on in vitro transformation of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in different shellfish tissues

Dissected tissues of three shellfish species,the Chinese scallop,Chlamys farreri,Manila clam,Ruditapes philippinarum,and Razor shell,Solen strictu were evaluated for in vitro transformation of paralytic shellfish poisoning(PSP) toxins. Tissue homogenates were incubated with extraction from toxic algae Alexandrium minutum to determine toxin conversion. The effects of heating and addition of a natural reductant(glutathione) on toxin conversion were also assessed. The toxin profile was investigated through high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection(HPLC-FLD) . The evident variations in the toxin content were observed only in Chinese scallop viscera homogenates. The concentration of GTX4 was reduced by 45%(approximately 0.8 μmol/dm 3 ) and 25%(approximately 1 μmol/dm 3 ) for GTX1,while GTX2 and GTX3 increased by six times(approximately 1 μmol/dm 3 ) and 3 times(approximately 0.3 μmol/dm 3 ) respectively. Simultaneously,the total toxicity decreased by 38% during the 48 h incubation period,the final toxicity was 20.4 nmol STXeq/g. Furthermore,heated Chinese scallop viscera homogenates samples were compared with non-heated samples. The concentration of the GTX4 and GTX1 was clearly 28%(approximately 0.53 μmol/dm 3 ) and 17%(approximately 0.69 μmol/dm 3 ) higher in heated samples,GTX2 and GTX3 were four times(0.66 μmol/dm 3 ) and two times(0.187 μmol/dm 3 ) lower respectively. GSH(+) Chinese scallop viscera homogenates samples were compared with GSH(-) samples,the concentration in the GTX4 and GTX1 was 9%(approximately 0.12 μmol/dm 3 ) and 11%(approximately 0.36 μmol/dm 3 ) lower respectively,GTX2 and GTX3 was 17%(approximately 0.14 μmol/dm 3 ) and 19%(approximately 0.006 μmol/dm 3 ) higher respectively. In contrast,there was a little change in the concentration of PSP toxins of Manila clam and Razor shell tissue homogenates. These observations on three shellfish tissues confirmed that there were species-specific differences in PSP toxins transformation. PSP toxins transformation was more pronounced in viscera tissue than in muscle tissue. PSP toxins was possibly interfered by some carbamoylase enzyme,and the activity in Chinese scallop viscera tissue is more remarkable than in the other two species.     

可口革囊星虫人工繁殖试验

采用亲体培养、人工催产和幼虫培养等方法研究了可口革囊星虫(Phascolosoma esculenta)的人工繁殖技术。结果表明,可口革囊星虫亲体可室内培养成熟;阴干和降温刺激亲体能达到较好的催产效果;球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbans)和亚心形扁藻(Platymonas sp.)可作为海球幼虫的主要饵料。海球幼虫体长生长速度较快,日增长高达46μm,孵化后一周内,幼虫体长达500μm,然后开始附着营埋栖生活。     

让大白鲨与人“和睦相处”

澳大利亚海岸约有一万头“大白鲨”。平均每年有6名冲浪人遭到这种巨型食肉类动物的杀害。最近在澳大利亚南部海岸，又有两名年轻人在24小时之内连续受害，再次突显出鲨鱼对人类的威胁。近年来澳大利亚有人大肆捕猎大白鲨，使这种动物濒临绝种。澳政府非常强烈地呼吁，宣布大鲨鱼是受保护的高级动物。由此可见，既保护游人又保护鲨鱼，始终是一对非常突出的矛盾。