大陆岩石圈对扩张机制的响应—辽蒙地质走廊中—新生代火山活动的时空分布

选择辽西为中心,以近东西向延伸800km的辽蒙地质走廊为研究区,通过年代学研究,确认130Ma以来的中、新生代火山活动对称分布的时空格局,具有“中间老、两侧新”的特点,而且随着时间的推移,软流圈来源的岩浆向东西两侧侧向流动,岩浆来源不断加深。在此基础上提出“软流圈底辟体上涌和水平侧向流动”的模式。     

基于时空分配组合的消防设施服务范围计算方法探讨

基于时空分配组合方法,综合考虑服务时间在主干道路和街区内分配的各种情形,探讨了符合实际需求的消防站点服务范围计算方法.提出了基于多个独立指标的评价消防设施布局方案的方法,对消防规划方案进行评价.最后以武汉市武昌区为例对所提出方法进行了实验,实验结果也验证了该方法的可行性和合理性.     

Temporal and dimensional distribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria （SRB） groups and quantity in the sediments of Lake Erhai

The purpose of the thesis is to analyze the temporal and dimensional distribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria （SRB） groups and quantity in Lake Erhai. In April and September 2005, two sediment cores were collected from Lake Erhai. SRB groups were analyzed by PCR with six-groups primers designed according to the specific 16SrDNA sequence. FISH （fluorescence in-situ hybridization） was established with the oligonucleotide probe （SRB385） and utilized to analyze SRB quantity in the sediments. The results showed that in the sediments of Lake Erhai four SRB groups were detected except Desulfobacterium and Desulfobacter, meanwhile Desulfovibrio-Desulfomicrobium were detected only in autumn; different SRB groups had different temporal and dimensional distribution, and each group in autumn is distributed more widely than in spring; FISH used to count SRB in the sediments of fresh lake was set up successfully; the analysis of correlation between the sediment＇s depth and SRB quantity had statistical meaning （P〈0.05） . The result showed that SRB quantity showed a decreasing trend with increasing depth. Through the analysis of randomized block designed analysis of variance, the difference in SRB quantity between spring and autumn also had statistical meaning （P〈0.001）, which revealed SRB quantity in autumn was larger than in spring; the result of FISH showed that there were some SRB in the deeper sediments in which no above-mentioned six SRB groups were detected by PCR. SRB groups in the sediments of Lake Erhai were rich, and the quantities of SRB groups in autumn were larger than in spring; possibly there were uncultivable SRB groups in the sediments of Lake Erhai.     

Factors controlling the spatial and temporal variability of dust emissions

New field measurement techniques are allowing researchers to better understand how surficial properties affect the temporal and spatial variability of dust emissions. In this paper we review the current understanding of the dust emission process and present new field measurements that examine how three surface properties： roughness, crust strength, and temporal changes of surface properties affect dust emissions. These data were collected using three unique measurement systems developed by our team. Roughness exerts considerable control on the entrainment threshold and emissions of dust from a surface. We have carried out a series of experiments designed to quantify roughness effects on aeolian sediment entrainment and transport in a shear stress partitioning framework. Our results show that the model of Raupach et al. （1993） provides very good agreement with available data to predict the amount of shearing stress on the intervening surface among roughness elements, relatively independent of their size and distribution. However, element size affects the aeolian sediment transport process beyond that attributable only to the reduction of surface shear stress caused by the roughness. Additional interactions of the elements with the saltation cloud appear to reduce the transport efficiency and potentially dust emissions as well. The effect of crust strength on dust emissions was assessed using a newly-developed pin penetrometer, which can measure crust strength in-situ. Previous researchers suggested that variation in crust strength even within a small area could lead to considerable spatial variability in dust emissions. Our measurements showed that crust strength is highly variable over a scale of centimeters. This variability may help to explain some of the observed scatter in field measurements of dust emissions for what appear to be homogeneous surfaces. Variability of dust emissions in time and space was also evaluated using a new instrument, the Portable In-Situ Wind Erosion Lab （PI-SWERL） developed to measure dust emissions from soil surfaces.     

鲁北平原区暴雨成因及时空分布规律探讨

鲁北平原地处黄泛区，流域坡度较缓，降水量年际变化大，年内分配不均，且多以暴雨形式集中在每年的汛期(6～9月)，同时排涝河道层层建闸拦蓄，造成暴雨期排水不畅，极易积涝成灾。依据1951-2000年实测暴雨资料，对本区暴雨的成因、时空分布规律进行了探讨。     

重庆市春季干旱时空分布特征研究

根据有关干旱计算方法，对重庆市各区，县（市）春旱发生频率，分布情况以及开始期，结束期，持续时间等进行了系统研究，并利用区域干旱指数，系统地分析了重庆市区域性春旱的时间变化特征。     

黑龙江气候变暖的时空变化特征

进入80年代以来，黑龙江气温明显变暖，近120年来年平均气温上升1.4℃，春季次之，气温突变在1990年前后，从年、各季平均气温变化趋势与全国北半球及全球气温变化进行比较，年及冬季我国增暖中心在黑龙江，春季增暖中心在内蒙古北部及黑龙江省；夏秋增暖不明显，但仍有上升趋势，近50年来，50～70年代黑龙江省及全国各大区域普遍增暖不明显，80年代开始黑龙江省增暖明显，三北地区次之，90年代黑龙江增暖更加明显，而全国及其他区域上升已达到80年代北方增温幅度，这里从黑龙江变暖的事实，突变时间，与全球、北半球、全国区域的气温及雪盖海温变化关系来揭示黑龙江气候变化的时空特点。     

鄂西火烧坪地区岩溶生态环境系统及生态农业模式初探

通过对鄂西火烧坪地区的自然地理、地质构造、水文地质、土壤、植被及社会经济等方面的初步研究表明，在岩溶化作用十分强烈的岩溶山区，当气候、地形地貌、地质构造等条件匹配较好时，同样存在着一些极其有利于农业、林业发展的特殊生态环境。在这些地区，结合当地植物资源特点和市场需求，通过农作物类型的调整，能够在短时间内使当地摆脱贫穷的面貌。但在发展经济的同时必须特别关注当地土地资源相对缺乏、水资源时空分布不均、生态环境脆弱等不利因素，做到适度开发，稳步发展，才能从根本上实现小康目标。     

京、津、冀区域群发性强沙尘暴分析

利用1954—2002年82个站的气象观测资料，探讨京、津、冀区域群发性强沙尘暴的认定标准，构建较完整的群发性强沙尘暴序列，并分析该地区群发性强沙尘暴的时空分布特征和气候变化趋势。近50a京、津、冀区域共出现了39例群发性强沙尘暴，河北省的冀西北高原区和石家庄、保定、衡水、沧州四市交接处饶阳一带是京、津、冀区域强沙尘暴天气的多发区。多发季节为3—5月，占全年总数的76．9％，其中4月份最多，占全年总数的51．3％。群发性强沙尘暴年代际变化呈现总体减少趋势，其发生次数、覆盖面积均是以20世纪90年代为最低值．     

论上海软土地基⑦⑧⑨层压缩模量Es的定值问题

上海地区深部土层⑦⑧⑨层埋深在30～70m。对其压缩模量Es的定值问题,现行《上海市地基基础设计规范》(DGJ08 11 1999)(后文中简称《规范》)长期以来确定室内试验E0 1～0 2值为沉降计算值,导致沉降计算值与建(构)筑物实际沉降量之间相差2～8倍。为符合规范的变形要求,设计人员不得不采取桩加粗、加长、加密的办法,从而造成桩基投资的极大浪费。为了正确认识深部土层的Es值,上海岩土工程界进行了多种形式的试验研究。近年来,笔者结合上海高、大、深、重建(构)筑物的工程实践,深入进行上海深部⑦⑧⑨层压缩模量Es的试验研究,获得许多新的认识,对其定值问题作了研究,提出⑦⑧⑨层的建议值,供同行参考研讨。