Geographical distribution and age composition of Euphausia superba larvae (Crustacea：Euphausiacea) in the South Shetland Islands region and southern Scotia Sea in relation to environmental conditions

Spatial distribution patterns of the different life stages of Euphausia superba in the region of the South Shet- land Islands and southern Scotia Sea （Antarctica） were assessed based on scientific survey data collected in lanuary and February of 2010. Adults, eggs, nauplii, metanauplii, calyptopis I-Ill, and furcilia I-II were found in the investigation. The abundance of larvae averaged 1 172.8 ind./mz, with calyptopis I and II as the dominant stages. Habitat occupancy patterns varied among Euphausia superba at different stages, and three sub-regions were identified by cluster analysis. The degree of larval development increased from west to east. Larvae were not observed north of the South Shetland Islands. Calyptopis I was predominant in the water between Elephant Island and the South Orkney Islands, which featured no thermocline. Older stages, including calyptopis II and III and furcilia I and II, were common in north and northeast of the South Orkney Islands, which were characterized by high temperature and high chlorophyll concentration. Distri- bution and abundance of the early life stages of E. superba were associated with specific environmental con- ditions. According to Biota-Environment matching （BIOENV）, the distributions of E. superba larvae were correlated with a combination of temperature at the surface and 200 m, and 0-100 m integrated chlorophyll a concentration.     

温度突变和非离子氨对海水和淡水养殖条件下凡纳滨对虾存活的影响

为探讨海水和淡水养殖条件下凡纳滨对虾对温度突变和非离子氨的耐受性,设置了温度突变和非离子氨胁迫2组急性实验。实验结果表明:(1)养殖条件、温度突变和时间三者交互作用对凡纳滨对虾存活率的影响不显著(P>0.05);当温度由22℃分别突变到7、12和37℃时,2种养殖条件下对虾的存活率均随突变时间的延长呈下降趋势;海水养殖对虾高、低温突变幅度均不宜超过10℃;淡水养殖对虾高温突变幅度不宜超过10℃,低温突变幅度不宜超过5℃。淡水养殖对虾对低温的适应能力低于海水养殖对虾,对高温的适应能力高于海水养殖对虾。(2)非离子氨浓度、养殖条件和胁迫时间对对虾的存活率均有显著的影响(P<0.05),且三者的交互作用显著(P<0.05);非离子氨对海水养殖对虾的96hLC50和安全浓度SC分别为1.612和0.161mg/L,对淡水养殖对虾的96hLC50和安全浓度SC分别为0.629和0.063mg/L。各时间点的LC50均是海水养殖对虾高于淡水养殖对虾。海水养殖对虾对非离子氨的耐受能力高于淡水养殖对虾。     

Histological study on the digestive system development ofTakifugu rubripes larvae and juvenile

The digestive tract of Takifugu rubripes during early life stages was studied with light microscopy. At the beginning of hatching, the digestive tract is represented by a simple and undifferentiated straight tube and does not communicate with the exterior, as the mouth and anus are not open yet. At 2 d after hatching, a constriction between intestine and rectum that will become the intestino-rectal valve is visible. During the endogenous feeding phase, the yolk sac is resorbed and the digestive tract becomes functional and differentiated. The liver and pancreas also become apparent at this time. At onset of exogenous feeding （3 d after hatching）, yolk sac resesves are not completely depleted, suggesting a period of mixed nutrition. The digestive tract differentiates fully into b.uccopharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine and rectum. At 9 d after hatching, the yolk sac reserves are completely depleted. The most noticeable events occurring from 5 to 17 d after hatching are the transformation of the epithelia type, the differentiation of the pneumatic sac, the epithelial cell, gut convolution, mucosal fold increase, and the growth of liver and pancreas. From 18 to 27 d after hatching, the numbers of intestine folds and mucus cells increase progressively. From then on, morphological changes of digestive features are almost completed. At 27 d after hatching, the morphology and function of digestive system are similar to that of the adult.     

环境因子对小刀蛏稚贝生长和存活的影响

采用单因子分析方法,以小刀蛏为材料,研究了不同盐度、温度、底质及饵料对小刀蛏稚贝生长和存活的影响。实验结果表明:小刀蛏稚贝具有较强的盐度耐受性,可以在较大的盐度变动范围内生长和存活;小刀蛏稚贝生长和存活的适宜盐度范围为15~35,最适盐度范围为20~25;适宜的温度范围为16~28℃,最适的温度范围为24~28℃;随着盐度和温度的增加,小刀蛏稚贝的生长率和存活率均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势。底质是小刀蛏生长和存活的必要环境条件,且小刀蛏对底质环境具有明显的选择性,稚贝以海泥底质最佳,实验条件下海泥底质组生长率和存活率显著高于半泥半砂底质和细粉砂底质。不同饵料对稚贝的培育效果不同,角毛藻和金藻的投喂效果最好,稚贝生长率和存活率最高,其次为扁藻组,小球藻组最差。研究结果可为小刀蛏人工培育技术的优化提供参考依据。     

菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)“斑马蛤2号”筏式和底播养殖模式比较研究

为探究菲律宾蛤仔（Ruditapes philippinarum）筏式养殖模式可行性，在我国黄海北部首次开展了菲律宾蛤仔"斑马蛤2号"新品种的筏式与底播养殖模式对比试验。采用平均壳长为2.37 cm，平均全湿重为2.99 g规格的"斑马蛤2号"苗种为试验材料，对两种养殖方式的"斑马蛤2号"生长、存活、营养成分进行比较分析，结果表明，筏式养殖"斑马蛤2号"夏季（4-7月）壳长、壳宽、壳高、全湿重、软体重的相对生长速率分别比底播养殖"斑马蛤2号"快149.54%、100.61%、116.30%、152.25%、132.58%（P<0.05）。筏式养殖"斑马蛤2号"存活率为90%以上，显著高于底播养殖（P<0.05）。两种养殖方式的"斑马蛤2号"水分、灰分、粗蛋白、糖原、脂肪酸等营养成分季节变化规律基本一致。筏式养殖"斑马蛤2号"冬季糖原、单不饱和脂肪酸含量明显高于底播养殖"斑马蛤2号"（P<0.05）。研究表明，当年10月采用多层聚乙烯网笼按密度为150-200粒/层放养菲律宾蛤仔"斑马蛤2号"大规格苗种（平均壳长为2.37 cm，平均全湿重为2.99 g），可于翌年的4月、7月、10月收获平均壳长为3.03、3.36、3.51 cm的市场规格产品。筏式养殖模式具有存活率高的优点。"斑马蛤2号"筏式养殖模式试验的成功为蛤仔健康养殖提供了新途径。     

不同饵料对斜带髭鲷稚鱼生长和存活的影响

采用5种饵产分别投喂斜带髭鲷（Hapalogenys nitens Richardson）33日龄稚鱼，27d后测定其全长和成活率。结果表明，投喂卤虫无节幼体，斜带髭鲷稚鱼生长最快，成活率最高。全长增长达2．22－2．82倍，平均成活率达21．8％－22．5％；投喂枝角类，斜带髭鲷稚鱼生长也较快，全长增长1．99－2．07倍，平均成活率18．2％。投喂轮虫和人 工配合饲料，斜带髭鲷稚鱼的生长和成活率均很低，全长增长分别仅为1．63－1．72倍和1．47－1．56倍，平均成活率分别仅为1．3％－2．0％。投喂卤虫无节幼体和枝角类的试验组，分别有41．2％－100％个体发育至幼鱼阶段，而投喂轮虫和配合饲料的试验组，全部个体仍停留在稚鱼阶段。可以认为，卤虫无节幼体和枝角类是斜带髭鲷稚鱼较适宜的饵料。     

饥饿胁迫条件下黑(鱼免)(Miichthys miiuy)仔鱼的生长与存活过程研究

采用实验生态学方法研究了延迟投饵对黑(鱼免)仔鱼摄食、存活生长及体成分组成的影响。结果表明,在24℃,仔鱼在3日龄时开口摄食,4日龄时卵黄囊吸收完毕,6日龄仔鱼如不能建立外源性营养即进入饥饿死亡不可逆点(PNR),而延迟投饵3天(6日龄)以上的仔鱼在8日龄前全部死亡。正常投喂仔鱼(16%)和延迟投饵1天仔鱼(15%)的存活率明显高于延迟2天投饵仔鱼(9%)。它们的高死亡(日死亡率为5%—6.5%)集中发生在3—8日龄期间,但低于3—7日龄内延迟投饵3天和完全饥饿仔鱼(日死亡率为18.5%)。在7日龄时,正常投喂仔鱼(9.9%)的特殊生长率(SGR)明显高于延迟投饵仔鱼(4.6%—8.4%)。在36日龄时,正常投喂仔鱼与延迟投饵1天仔鱼之间的生长差异消失,与延迟投饵2天的仔鱼之间的生长差异显著。延迟投饵引起开口摄食阶段仔鱼体内脂肪和蛋白质含量明显减少,但延迟投饵1—2天的存活仔鱼在后期发育过程中可以达到正常投饵仔鱼的营养水平。因此,不论在养殖条件下还是在自然水域,黑(鱼免)仔鱼必须在开口后2天之内建立起主动摄食能力才可能保证其仔鱼的正常发育、生长和存活。