平凉地区秋季旱涝气候特征

选用平凉地区７站３０年（１９６０～１９８９年）秋季的气象资料,引入张宝先生提出的干燥指数公式,进而得出秋季旱涝指数的经验公式;从划分秋季旱涝标准着手,分析了平凉地区秋季旱涝的气候特征。     

西藏南羌塘盆地重要湖盆孢粉组合与环境意义

对南羌塘盆地内流湖盆区多个湖盆晚更新世—全新世地层孢粉组合进行分析,采用蒿属（Artemisia）与藜科（Chenopodiaceae）比值（A/C值）和麻黄（Ephedra）、藜科、蒿属含量变化趋势分析,恢复了该地区的植被与气候变化特征,总结了3个钻孔和区域上湖盆环境干湿度变化规律：扎仓茶卡湖盆南侧、搭拉不错湖盆南侧,呈针阔叶混交森林草原植被,气候总体温暖湿润;别若则错湖盆西侧,呈针阔叶混交疏林植被,气候总体较寒冷干燥。区域上由西向东干燥程度逐渐加强,佐证了通过孢粉组合分析得出的气候变化特征。此次成果对南羌塘盆地湖盆区气候演变趋势具有重要的研究意义。     

Observed dryness and wetness variability in Shanghai during 1873–2005

Dryness and wetness variations on different time scales in Shanghai were analyzed using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) based on monthly precipitation data for 1873–2005. The SPI on scales of 3, 6, 12 and 24 months has been calculated. The SPI on 3, 6, 12 and 24 months present 4 wet periods prevailed during 1873–1885, 1904–1923, 1938–1960 and 1983–2005, and 3 dry episodes during 1886–1903, 1924–1937 and 1961–1982. Significant periods of higher wavelet power in the SPI-24 months occurred on the time scales of 2–7-year band in around 1880–1890, 1910–1950 and 1970–1990, and at 8–15-year band in 1920–1960 and 1965–2000 respectively. Periodicities in the SOI and ENSO indices are similar to those in SPI-24 months with little difference, namely, in the SPI-24 months, there are significant periods at the 2–7- and 8–15-year bands during 1930–1940. The periodicity components in individual SPI-24 months, SOI and ENSO indices are more complicated, showing the wetness and dryness variability in Shanghai is controlled by more than one physical factors. The research results indicate that the Shanghai area has experienced dryness and wetness variability on different time scales during the past 133 years. Foundation: Frontier Project of Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, CAS, No.CXNIGLAS200814; National Forestry Science and Technique Foundation during the 11th Five-Year Plan Period, No.2006BAD03A1601; Project of Huaihe River Basin, No.HRM200708; National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, No.CCSF2007-35 Author: Zhang Zengxin (1977–), Ph.D, specialized in climatic changes.     

1873-2005年上海干湿变化

Dryness and wetness variations on different time scales in Shanghai were analyzed using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) based on monthly precipitation data for 1873-2005. The SPI on scales of 3, 6, 12 and 24 months has been calculated. The SPI on 3, 6, 12 and 24 months present 4 wet periods prevailed during 1873-1885, 1904-1923, 1938-1960 and 1983-2005, and 3 dry episodes during 1888-1903, 1924-1937 and 1961-1982. Significant periods of higher wavelet power in the SPI-24 months occurred on the time scales of 2-7-year band in around 1880-1890, 1910-1950 and 1970-1990, and at 8-15-year band in 1920-1960 and 1965-2000 respectively. Periodicities in the SOI and ENSO indices are similar to those in SPI-24 months with little difference, namely, in the SPI-24 months, there are significant periods at the 2-7- and 8-15-year bands during 1930-1940. The periodicity components in individual SPI-24 months, SOI and ENSO indices are more complicated, showing the wetness and dryness variability in Shanghai is controlled by more than one physical factors. The research results indicate that the Shanghai area has experienced dryness and wetness variability on different time scales during the past 133 years.     

雅丹地貌

雅丹地貌是新疆罗布泊地区一种特殊的地貌形态,它很少为世人所知,而其魅力却丝毫不亚于吸引了万千游客的许多世界名胜,这就是神奇的雅丹。雅丹,维吾尔语原意为“陡壁的小丘”,现泛指干燥地区一种风蚀地貌。河湖相土状沉积物所形成的地面,经风化作用、间歇性流水冲刷和风蚀作用,形成与盛行风向平行、相间排列的风蚀土墩和风蚀凹地（沟槽）地貌组合。     

干燥脱水过程中纤维加筋固化淤泥的强度特性

淤泥是一种天然含水率高且力学性质极差的固体废弃物,采取有效的技术方法进行快速脱水和增强可以实现淤泥资源化和高效利用。选取离散短丝聚丙烯纤维作为加筋材料,水泥和粉煤灰作为固化材料,通过开展无侧限抗压试验,研究了纤维加筋固化淤泥在干燥路径中强度的变化,并分析了干燥过程中不同目标含水率状态(分别为45%,40%,35%,30%,25%,20%,15%,10%和5%)和纤维掺量(0~0.8%)对加筋固化淤泥强度的影响机理。结果表明:①纤维的加入能有效提高固化淤泥的峰值强度和残余强度,且强度值随纤维掺量的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势,最优纤维掺量为0.1%;②干燥脱水过程中,试样的无侧限抗压强度随含水率的减小近似于线性增加,破坏形式由塑性破坏逐渐向脆性破坏过渡,而纤维的加入可以有效抑制试样的脆性破坏,提升试样的韧性;③纤维加筋对固化淤泥强度的贡献随含水率的减小而逐渐增加,根本原因是纤维—淤泥界面作用力在低含水率条件下能得到更佳的激发。     

干旱及半干旱区土壤水热传输模式研究

本文发展了一个干旱地区土壤中水分及热量传输模式。首先从土壤孔隙内水汽运动研究入手,阐明了在土壤深层孔隙中水汽压与液面饱和值之间处在平衡态,而土壤表层则处在非平衡态,因而必要在计算表层蒸发的公式中引入必要的土壤表层阻力,才可使模式简单实用。在此基础上建立了考虑液态水及汽态水运动耦合的多层模式,并用HEIFE沙漠站的资料对模式进行了验证,结果表明此模式较好地再现土壤内及地气界面上的水热交换过程,并且也表明干旱地区土壤中水蒸汽输送对水分平衡及蒸发的计算是重要的。这种模式很易推广到气候研究的干旱土壤下垫面的模式中去。     

杰拉华台风登陆后迅速减弱的原因

杰拉华台风在浙江象山登陆后迅速减弱，强度衰减率大大超过历年平均值，对杭、嘉、湖地区影响不大。经分析认为，减弱的原因主要是杰拉华远离赤道辐合带，能量得不到补充，登陆时大陆高压强大，前期天气干旱，空气干燥，经四明山区地形摩擦，参量耗尽。登陆后500hPa与850hPa上下层的相对散度为负值，全风速显著减小。另外，据统计资料得出台风生成后10每天后登陆对嘉兴市影响不大，所得结果可对登陆台风预报提供一些参考。