氡(222Rn)在地下水-地表水相互作用中的应用研究进展

地下水-地表水相互作用是水资源管理和地表水生态系统保护中重要的一个环节,氡同位素(²²²Rn)由于其在地下水与地表水中含量差异显著、性质保守、检测难度低,广泛运用于地下水-地表水相互作用的研究当中。本文通过总结分析²²²Rn在不同地表水体(海水、河水、湖水等)中的应用,指出刻画地下水氡浓度的异质性是估算地下水排泄的重点和难点。在估算海底地下水排泄(SGD)时,氡的混合损失项估算不确定、海水氡浓度时空变异性、SGD的多组分特征等可能给估算结果带来较大不确定性;在估算河流地下水排泄时难以确定氡的大气逃逸量;研究人员对氡在示踪地表水补给地下水方面的研究程度相对不足。本文从科学研究和实际生产方面,对²²²Rn的研究应用提出以下潜在方向:(1)降低地下水氡空间变异性对估算地下水排泄量的影响;(2)针对不同水体、不同水文条件,准确刻画氡的大气逃逸量;(3)拓展²²²Rn示踪能够解决的科学问题;(4)将氡质量平衡模型计算与不确定分析相结合,实现软件化。     

Gridded reconstruction of the population in the traditional cultivated region of China from 1776 to 1953

Using modern census and environmental factor data,this study first identified the environmental factors that significantly affect the population distribution through Geodetector analysis and then constructed a population spatial distribution model based on the random forest regression algorithm.Finally,with this model and historical population data that were examined and corrected by historians,gridded population distributions with a spatial resolution of 10 km by 10 km in the traditional cultivated region of China(TCRC,hereafter)were reconstructed for six time slices from 1776 to 1953.Using the reconstruction dataset,the spatiotemporal characteristics of the population distribution were depicted.The results showed that(1)the environmental factors that significantly affected the population density differences among counties in the TCRC mainly consisted of elevation,slope,relief amplitude,distances to the nearest prefectural and provincial capitals,distance to the nearest river and the climatology moisture index.(2)Using the census data of 1934 counties in the TCRC in 2000 and the abovementioned environmental factor data,a random forest regression algorithm-based population spatial distribution model was constructed.Its determination coefficient(R²)is 0.81.In 88.4%of the counties(districts),the relative errors of the model predictions were less than 50%.(3)From 1776 to 1953,the total population in the study area showed an uptrend.Prior to 1851,the population increased mainly in the Yangtze River Delta.During this period,the number of grid cells in which the population densities were greater than 500 persons per km² increased from 292 to 683.From 1851 to 1953,the population increased extensively across the study area.In the North China Plain and the Pearl River Delta,the number of grid cells in which the population densities were greater than 500 persons per km² increased from 36 to 88 and from 4 to 35,respectively.The spatial clustering pattern of the population distribution varied temporally.The potential reasons included the shifts in economic development hot spots,traditional beliefs,wars,famine,and immigration policies.(4)Between our reconstructions and the HYDE dataset,there are large differences in the data sources,selected environmental factors and modeling methods.As a consequence,in comparison to our reconstructions,there were fewer populations in the eastern area and more populations in the western area from 1776 to 1851 and more populations in urban areas and fewer populations in rural areas after 1851 in the HYDE dataset.     

Palynological constraints on the age of the Mississippi Valley-type Changdong Pb-Zn deposit,Sanjiang belt,West China

Mississippi Valley-type(MVT)Pb-Zn deposits serve as the world’s major supply of Pb-Zn resources.However,the age constraint of MVT Pb-Zn deposits has long been a big challenge,due to the lack of minerals that are unequivocally related to ore deposition and that can be used for radioisotopic dating.Here we show sporopollens can provide useful chronological information on the Changdong MVT Pb-Zn deposit in the Simao basin,Sanjiang belt,West China.The Pb-Zn ores in the Changdong deposit are hosted by internal sediments in paleo-karst caves of meteoric origin.Sphalerite and galena occur as replacements of carbonate minerals and void infillings in the internal sediments.The relations suggest that the Pb-Zn mineralization occurred after the deposition of the internal sediments.A palynological assemblage mainly composed of angiosperm pollen dominated by Castanea,Quercus,and Carya and fern spores dominated by Polypodiaceae,Pteris,and Athyriaceae was identified.These pollen and spores place the ore-hosting internal sediments and the Changdong paleo-karst at early to middle Oligocene.Consequently,the Changdong Pb-Zn deposit must have formed after the early Oligocene(~34 Ma).These age constraints,together with the geological characteristics,indicate that the Changdong Pb-Zn deposit is a paleo-karst-controlled MVT deposit related to fold-thrust systems in the Sanjiang belt.The Changdong deposit is similar to other MVT Pb-Zn deposits in the northern part of the Sanjiang belt,making it possible to extend this Pb-Zn belt 500 km further to the South.Results presented here highlights the potential of sporopollens in dating the age of MVT deposits related to paleo-karst formation in young orogenic belts.     

《岩土力学》征稿简则

《岩土力学》是中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所主办的综合性岩土力学与工程学术期刊。为全国中文核心期刊,中国科学引文数据库、中国学术期刊综合评价数据库、中国科技论文统计源期刊,《中国期刊网》、《中国学术期刊(光盘版)》全文收录,也是国际三大检索系统之一的美国《工程索引》(EI compendex)文摘收录期刊(光盘版)。     

中国地质学会公布第三届科普奖评选结果

为推动中国地质学会地学科普研学工作的开展,根据 《中国地质学会精品地学研学路线、课程评选办法(试行)》, 学会组织开展了第二批精品地学研学路线、第一批精品地学 研学课程的申报、推荐和评审工作。     

造山型金矿中富CO_(2)高内压流体包裹体完全均一温度的有效测定实验研究——以东天山玉峰金矿床为例SCIEI北大核心CSCD

形成于中-深成条件下的造山型金矿的成矿流体属于H_(2)O-NaCl-CO_(2)体系,金矿化阶段的石英中发育大量的富CO_(2)流体包裹体。长期以来,用常规冷热台对其进行显微测温热力学研究时,较高的内压力会造成绝大多数CO_(2)充填度>0.4的包裹体在尚未达到完全均一状态前就发生爆裂或泄露,导致所测的完全均一温度值明显偏离真实值,甚至无法测得完全均一温度,这制约了对造山型金矿床成矿条件的认知。针对该问题,本文以东天山玉峰金矿床富金矿石中的H_(2)O-NaCl包裹体(A型)和H_(2)O-NaCl-CO_(2)包裹体(AC型)为研究对象,介绍了利用最新型热液金刚石压腔(HDAC-VT型号)测试富CO_(2)高内压的AC型包裹体完全均一温度的实验流程与结果,并将实验数据与Linkam THMSG600冷热台测得的A型、AC型包裹体的完全均一温度进行了对比分析。实验结果表明,热液金刚石压腔能够有效阻止富CO_(2)流体包裹体在升温过程中发生爆裂、泄露等非弹性体积改变现象的发生,从而获得有效的完全均一温度。同时,本文还提出了一个新的压力-温度拟合线两线相交法,对热液金刚石压腔所测富CO_(2)流体包裹体的完全均一温度数据进行校正,以最大程度上减少外压力造成的影响,获得更为接近真实成矿流体的完全均一温度。基于此,获得玉峰金矿床的成矿温度和成矿压力分别为312~343℃和181~268 MPa。本文的实验研究工作显示了热液金刚石压腔在中-深成造山型金矿富CO_(2)成矿流体的研究领域具有重要应用前景。     

戊基磷酸二戊酯萃取色层分离-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定铀产品中9种杂质元素

铀产品中杂质元素的含量测定在核法证学溯源分析或燃料元件厂质量检验中具有重要应用价值,保证测量的准确度主要在于控制流程空白、提高杂质元素的回收率。本文建立了戊基磷酸二戊酯(UTEVA)树脂快速分离铀与杂质元素、电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定杂质元素含量的系统流程。结果表明,UTEVA树脂对铀的吸附能力强,铀样品取样量为16.43 mg时,全流程对铀的去污因子大于3×105,9种杂质元素(锰钼镍铜铬铝钛钒镉)的回收率为95.1%~105.1%,国家标准物质GBW04205中杂质元素的分析结果与参考值在不确定度(k=2)范围内一致。本工作建立的分离流程对铀的去污效果好,特别适用于样品量少的情况下铀中杂质元素的分析,为核法证分析最终的归因溯源或燃料质量检验提供了技术支持。     

Fe(Ⅱ)/针铁矿复合系统对水中橙黄G的吸附-还原脱色研究

系统研究了Fe(Ⅱ)/针铁矿复合系统对偶氮染料橙黄G(简称OG)的吸附-还原脱色机理,重点考察了反应条件p H值、Fe(Ⅱ)与OG摩尔比对OG还原脱色效果的影响。研究结果表明,矿物表面结合态Fe(Ⅱ)能够有效提高还原脱色反应速率;OG脱色反应非常符合准一级反应动力学方程,速率常数(k)随p H值的升高、亚铁离子吸附量的增加而显著增大;当OG初始浓度为50 mg/L、Fe(Ⅱ)与OG的摩尔比为27.0时,Fe(Ⅱ)/针铁矿复合系统对OG的去除脱色率在弱碱性条件下1 h内可达到100%。该系统对OG去除脱色的高效性是界面吸附与还原协同作用的结果。该研究可为有效应用Fe(Ⅱ)/针铁矿复合系统在缺氧环境中的污染修复提供理论指导。     

非圆形地下洞室地层特征曲线近似构建法

弹塑性地层特征曲线完整地描述了围岩对开挖的响应特征,是地下洞室稳定性分析及支护设计的关键,但目前仅圆形洞室具有完整的地层特征曲线解析形式,非圆形洞室需要通过复杂的数值方法拟合。为提高非圆形洞室计算效率,拓展解析法的适用范围,文中基于等代圆理论探讨了非圆形洞室近似解析地层特征曲线的构建方法。首先,利用数值分析,得到地下工程中常见非圆形断面在不同跨高比条件下,洞室周边围岩压力与变形的关系,建立基于数值分析结果的地层特征曲线;然后,基于和数值分析相同的初始条件,建立各种等代圆方法对应的近似地层特征曲线;最后,通过对比及相关影响因素分析,揭示不同工况下各种等代圆方法的适用性,为构建非圆形断面地下洞室地层特征曲线的最佳近似解析形式提供了一条简便有效的途径。     

AMT勘查贵州铁(稀土)多金属矿效果分析

贵州铁(稀土)多金属矿资源储量丰厚,但是因其赋存条件的特殊性,勘查具有一定的挑战性,在此开展铁(稀土)多金属矿的物探方法试验研究,对今后勘查工作具有重要的指导意义。这里简要介绍了AMT(音频大地电磁法)工作方法以及贵州威宁秋木构工区的地质和地球物理特征,重点讨论了AMT在秋木构工区铁(稀土)多金属矿勘查中的应用效果,通过对电阻率断面图的综合推断解释,划分出了二叠系宣威组与峨嵋山玄武岩组地层界面,圈出了含矿有利部位。经钻孔验证,取得了良好的找矿效果。