污泥处理的固化/稳定化技术研究进展

固化/稳定化（S/S）是目前比较有效的一种污泥处置技术,是通过向污泥中添加固化剂材料,与污泥发生一系列的物理化学反应,提高污泥的力学强度和稳定污泥中的重金属污染物,从而达到污泥安全处置和资源化利用的目的,因此,探索高效、低廉和低碳的S/S技术一直是该领域的重点。根据近些年来国内外学者对该领域研究所取得的成果,着重从污泥的种类、固化剂种类、主要技术指标、关键影响因素及固化/稳定化机理等几个方面总结了该课题的研究现状及进展。得到以下主要认识:污泥按来源可分为河湖污泥、市政污泥和工业污泥3大类,由于不同来源污泥成分差别很大,处置方式也不尽相同;对于污泥的S/S处理,常用的固化剂可分为无机和有机两大类,且无机固化剂占主导,目前最流行的是水泥和石灰,还包括一些工业矿渣、黏土等作为辅助材料;S/S的优劣主要通过两个关键技术指标进行评价:固化体的无侧限抗压强度及浸出毒性;污泥的固化/稳定化效果主要受初始含水率、养护时间、固化剂种类、掺入量、pH值和Eh值等因素的影响;固化剂及其产物在污泥中形成骨架,并通过物理化学作用与污泥颗粒胶结和填充大的孔隙,从而起到固化增强作用;固化剂及其产物主要通过物理包裹、沉淀和吸附作用,将污泥中的有害物质封闭在固化体内,从而达到无害化、稳定化目的。最后,针对目前污泥S/S技术研究的不足,提出了今后该课题的研究重点及方向,主要包括:改善污泥的前期脱水效率、进一步掌握固化体的变形特性、开发针对多种重金属离子的综合S/S技术、建立重金属离子固定/溶出模型和迁移模型、研发新型固化剂等。     

海洋古温标研究新进展及其在冲绳海槽区的应用北大核心CSCD

表层海水古温度的重建是古海洋学研究的重要内容之一,其反演的表层洋流的演化对全球气候变化研究意义重大。近年来,3种新兴的地球化学温度指标(Mg/Ca、Uk′37和TEX86)应用十分广泛,但也是各有利弊。在冲绳海槽地区,不同古温标的应用结果差异较大,机理有待进一步探讨。从全球角度总结了3种古温标的适用性及优缺点,剖析了具体应用过程中不同古温标的区域性和时间性差异。重点综述了冲绳海槽区古温标研究历史和研究现状,强调了区域性古温标适用性研究的重要性,提出了该区域末次冰消期以来古温度演化机理研究面临的挑战。     

东昆仑祁漫塔格地区白干湖钨锡矿田白云母~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar定年及地质意义

东昆仑祁漫塔格地区白干湖钨锡矿田是认识中国西北地区钨锡矿床成矿规律的重要窗口。作者对采自含矿石英脉的2个白云母样品进行40Ar/39Ar定年,获得其坪年龄分别为(422.7±4.5)Ma和(421.8±2.7)Ma。2个样品的等时线年龄与反等时线年龄也在误差范围内一致,分别为(424±15)Ma和(418±24)Ma,表明分析数据可信。获得的白云母40Ar/39Ar坪年龄指示成矿作用发生在晚志留世,与原特提斯洋闭合事件密切相关,闭合后的陆陆碰撞使富含成矿物质的变质沉积物重熔而形成花岗岩浆;花岗岩浆侵入并析出含矿热液,导致钨锡成矿。     

基于DOP值的GPS/INS组合导航滤波方法

分析了组合导航观测值的特点,指出其随机特性与精度因子(DOP)有关,将DOP信息引入组合导航中,实时修正组合导航观测值的方差,以适应卫星几何条件变化引起的噪声特性变化,最后通过实测组合导航算例对方法进行了验证。实验表明,利用DOP值信息提高了组合导航的精度和可靠性。     

Evaluation of 40Ar/39Ar Geochronology of Authigenic Illites in Determining Hydrocarbon Charge Timing: A Case Study from the Silurian Bituminous Sandstone Reservoirs,Tarim Basin,China

The Silurian bituminous sandstones(SBS) in the Tarim Basin, China are important basinwide reservoirs with an estimated area of approximately 249000 km2. We investigated the ages of authigenic illites in the SBS reservoirs and constrained their formation timing by using the ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar step wise heating method. The age spectra, ~(39)Ar recoil loss and their controlling factors were investigated systematically. The ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar ages were compared with the conventional K/Ar ages of identical clay fractions. The clay in the SBS reservoirs is dominated by orderly mixed-layer illite/smectite(I/S) with 5%–30% smectite layers. The I/S minerals morphology comprises primarily honeycomb, short filamentous and curved-lath particles, characteristic of authigenic illites. The unencapsulated ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar total gas ages(UTGA) of the authigenic illites range from 188.56 ± 6.20 Ma to 491.86 ± 27.68 Ma, which are 7% to 103% older than the corresponding K/Ar ages of 124.87 ± 1.11 Ma to 383.45 ± 2.80 Ma, respectively. The K-Ar ages indicate multistage accumulations with distinct distribution patterns in the Tarim Basin: older(late Caledonian-early Hercynian) around the basin margin, younger(late Hercynian) in the basin centre, and the youngest(middle to late Yanshanian) in the Ha-6 well-block, central area of the North Uplift. The age difference is believed to have been caused by the ~(39)Ar recoil loss during the irradiation process. Compared with the K/Ar ages, the estimated ~(39)Ar recoil losses in this study are in the range from 7% to 51%. The ~(39)Ar recoil loss appears to increase not only with the decreasing particle sizes of the I/S, but also with increasing percentage of smectite layers(IR) of the I/S, and smectite layer content(SLC) of the samples. We conclude that due to significant ~(39)Ar recoil losses, UTGA may not offer any meaningful geological ages of the authigenic illite formation in the SBS and thus can not be used to represent the hydrocarbon charge timing. ~(39)Ar recoil losses during ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar dating can not be neglected when dating fine authigenic illite, especially when the ordered mixed-layer I/S containing small amount of smectite layers(IR30%) in the reservoir formations. Compared with the unencapsulated Ar-Ar method, the conventional K-Ar method is less complicated, more accurate and reliable in dating authigenic illites in petroleum reservoirs.     

Changes in Relative Plate Motion during the Isan Orogeny (1670-1500 Ma) and Implications for Pre-Rodinia Reconstructions

Foliation inflexion/intersection axes(FIAs)preserved within porphyroblasts that grew throughout Isan orogenesis reveal significant anticlockwise changes in the direction of bulk horizontal shortening between 1670 and 1500 Ma from NE-SW,N-S,E-W to NW-SE.This implies an anticlockwise shift in relative plate motion with time during the Isan orogeny.Dating monazite grains amongst the axial planar foliations defining three of the four FIAs enabled an age for the periods of relative plate motion that produced these structures to be determined.Averaging the ages from monazite grains defining each FIA set revealed 1649±12 Ma for NE-SW shortening,1645±7 Ma for N-S shortening,and 1591±10 Ma for that directed E-W.Inclusion trail asymmetries indicate shear senses of top to the SW for NW-SE FIAs and dominantly top to the N for E-W FIAs,reflecting thrusting towards the SW and N.No evidence for tectonism related to early NE-SW bulk horizontal shortening has previously been detected in the Mount Isa Inlier.Amalgamation of the Broken Hill and possibly the Gawler provinces with the Mount Isa province may have taken place during these periods of NE-SW and N-S-directed thrusting as the ages of tectonism are similar.Overlapping dates,tectonic,metamorphic,and metallogenic similarities between eastern Australia(Mount Isa and Broken Hill terranes)and the southwest part of Laurentia imply a most probable connection between both continental masses.Putting Australia in such position with respect to North America during the Late-Paleo-to-Mesoproterozoic time is consistent with the AUSWUS model of the Rodinia supercontinent.     

多GNSS精密单点定位性能分析

在实现BDS/GPS/GLONASS组合精密单点定位的基础上,模拟多种遮挡环境;利用3个MGEX测站的数据进行三系统组合PPP试验;并在可见卫星数、PDOP值、定位精度、收敛时间和定位可用性等方面与GPS单系统PPP进行了比较分析。结果表明:在亚太地区,相比于GPS单系统PPP,三系统组合PPP可见卫星数增加了2~3倍,PDOP值显著减小。动态试验中,在无遮挡环境下,三系统组合PPP相较于GPS PPP收敛时间更短,且收敛后定位精度更高;在遮挡环境下,GPS PPP性能急剧下降,三系统组合PPP较好的保证了定位精度,提高了系统定位可用性。     

BDS/GPS/GLONASS组合单历元姿态测量性能对比分析

相比于单一卫星导航系统,多卫星导航系统组合具有显著增加可用卫星数目、改善卫星空间几何结构等优点,因而多卫星导航系统组合应用成为近年来关注的热点。在复杂观测条件下,利用BDS/GPS/GLONASS组合进行载体姿态测量具有单系统无法比拟的优势。首先阐述了BDS/GPS/GLONASS组合超短基线解算的双差模型以及姿态测量基本原理;然后分析了BDS/GPS/GLONASS组合多频单历元姿态测量性能。通过实测静态数据设置不同高度截止角进行分析表明:相比于单系统及双系统组合的姿态测量,BDS/GPS/GLONASS组合能够有效地提高姿态测量的精度、稳定性和可用性。当运动载体处于高楼、峡谷等受遮挡严重的复杂环境时,BDS/GPS/GLONASS组合单历元姿态测量更具有应用价值。     

托木尔峰国家级自然保护区土地利用/覆被生态服务价值变化分析北大核心CSCDCSSCI

参照中国陆地生态系统服务价值当量,结合研究区不同土地利用∕覆被类型的生物生产量,研究各土地利用/覆被类型的生态服务价值变化。结果表明：1 1989-2014年,冰川面积增长27.63%,草地增长35.69%,水体减少55.43%,荒地减少13.81%,林地减少9.87%;1989-2002年的区域综合动态度为0.72%,2002-2014年的为0.62%。2保护区的生态服务价值为52.31×10~8元/a,突出了保护区重要的生态地位。在保护区11项生态服务功能中,水文调节和水资源供给生态服务功能价值最高,食物和原料生产生态服务功能价值较低。3 1989-2014年生态服务总价值量降低31.49%,其中冰川和草地的总价值量持续增长27.63%和35.70%,水体和荒地的持续减少55.43%和13.81%,林地的先减22.13%,后增15.75%。在价值构成比例上,1989年水体占主要地位,2014年冰川占主要地位。     

基于B/S与C/S协同架构的航道整治三维辅助系统设计

根据航道整治过程中的实际需求,基于B/S与C/S协同架构,结合多波束水下CT实际扫测成果,设计了航道整治三维辅助决策支持系统。在网络环境下,实现了三维水下地形图及航道信息的实时更新、显示,并提供了一系列的3DGIS分析功能,为航道整治工作的辅助决策、指挥调度、安全生产预警等提供了有效支撑,实现了保障施工区安全、畅通的目的。