中国海域仙虫属(Amphinome)(多毛纲,仙虫科)种类记述

依据中国科学院海洋生物标本馆馆藏仙虫科标本,对中国海域仙虫属(Amphinome)物种进行了综述,共发现两个仙虫属物种,即仙虫Amphinome rostrata(Pallas,1766)和黑鳃仙虫Amphinome nigrobranchiata Horst,1912,其中,黑鳃仙虫为中国海域首次记录。经过研究,《中国近海多毛环节动物》一书中所描述的华美仙虫Amphinome pulchra Horst,1912应是仙虫的幼年个体。本文对以上两个物种的形态特征和地理分布进行了论述。     

中国东海颈栉虫属(多毛纲:双栉虫科)一新记录种

本文报道和描述了中国东海双栉虫科颈栉虫属一新记录种,沃氏颈栉虫。本文标本与沃氏颈栉虫的原始描述非常吻合,包括具有两对鳃,胸齿片刚节具有两对加长的腹疣足和具有12个腹部齿片刚节。本文的标本具有长的须状的鳃,可延伸到胸部第9刚节,这在原始描述中没有提及。本文首次在中国海域记录本种。     

大黄鱼cGAS-like基因isofrom X1的克隆鉴定及在感染刺激隐核虫后的表达变化

cGAS(cyclic GMP-AMP synthase)基因是近几年来新发现的先天免疫中一个新型的信号分子。作者基于大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)基因组信息,用cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术在鳃组织中克隆鉴定了cGAS基因cDNA全长序列:包含1个231 bp的5′端-非翻译区(5′-UTR)、207 bp的3′-UTR和1 488 bp的开放阅读框(ORF),命名为Lc-cGAS-like X1。该基因编码1个由495个氨基酸残基组成的多肽,预测的分子量(Mw)大小为56.57kDa,理论等电点(pI)为9.45;序列分析表明其预测的蛋白无信号肽,第115～431位氨基酸序列为Mab-21功能域,第470～492位氨基酸序列为跨膜结构域。基因组全长3 153 bp,包含8个外显子和7个内含子,所有内含子的剪切特点都符合GT-AG规则。同源比对结果显示:Lc-cGAS-likeX1与鱼类cGAS的相似性大于66%,与高等脊椎动物的相似性较低。系统进化分析表明Lc-cGAS-like X1与鱼类cGAS聚成一支。荧光定量PCR(qPCR)检测显示Lc-cGAS基因(X1/X2两种剪切体)在大黄鱼9种组织中均有表达,其中在鳃中的表达量最高;刺激隐核虫感染后,大黄鱼免疫器官头肾中Lc-cGASmRNA分别在刺激隐核虫幼虫感染阶段和滋养体脱落阶段出现了极显著上调(P0.01);解毒器官肝脏中分别在滋养体脱落阶段和细菌感染阶段出现极显著上调变化(P0.01)。本研究结果暗示大黄鱼cGAS基因参与了大黄鱼感染刺激隐核虫的免疫防御过程,为进一步了解鱼类cGAS基因的多样化功能提供参考。     

四种贝类和鱼类外寄生车轮虫的国内新纪录

车轮虫是一类主要寄生于贝类和鱼类体表的缘毛类纤毛虫原生动物。本文对分别寄生于海洋贝类－－虾夷扇贝Mizuhopecten yessoensis,半咸水鱼类－－鲻鱼Mugil cephalus和双色鳗鲡Anguilla bicolor bicolor,以及淡水鱼类－－光唇鱼Acrossocheilus fasciatus鳃表和体表的虾夷扇贝车轮虫Trichodina pectenis,亚卓车轮虫T.jadranica,急尖车轮虫T.acuta和喙状车轮虫T.rostrata,进行了详细的分类学研究。本文第一次报道了虾夷扇贝车轮虫的活体和蛋白银染色后特征,该虫体也是国内新记录种。其它三个车轮虫物种感染的鱼类,均属新纪录宿主。同时,也报道了这四种车轮虫对宿主的感染率和感染强度。     

天然矿物的药用价值

雄黄又名"薰黄"、"石黄"、"鸡冠石"等,成书于西汉末年的医书《神农本草经》最早把矿物作为药剂,其中就包括雄黄,书中写道:"雄黄味苦平,主寒热、鼠瘘、恶疮、疽痔、死肌,杀精物、恶鬼、邪气、百虫毒,胜五兵。"由此可见,古人很早就已经知道,作为一种天然产出的矿物,雄黄具有解毒、杀虫、除恶疮的功效,可治疗疮痛、蛇虫咬伤、疟疾寒热等病症。     

甲醛溶液对发头裸腹溞及其体表聚缩虫影响的试验

不同浓度的甲醛溶液对枝角类发头裸腹溲Ｍｏｄｉｎａｉｒｒａｓａ的致毒效应以及对其体表附着的聚缩虫Ｚｏｏｔｈａｍｉｕｍｓｐ．的杀灭效果的试验结果表明,１２ｈ、２４ｈ两俱和用时段中,甲醛浓度与发头裸腹溲相对存活率之间以及甲醛浓度与发头裸腹溲体表聚缩虫营养体脱落率之间存在一定的函数关系。     

澄江化石库中的双胚层动物新知

作为观察寒武纪大爆发主幕奥秘的最佳科学窗口,澄江化石库展示了三胚层动物(即两侧对称动物)首次全面大辐射的历史产物,让学术界终于看到了已知最古老的同时包括原口类和后口类两大支系的动物谱系庞大“树冠”的主体轮廓,从而给许多较高级动物类群的起源和早期演化研究提供了十分重要的信息。然而,该化石宝库中却很少见到作为“树干”的双胚层动物(即辐射动物)的化石记录,这给“真动物”的源头探秘蒙上了阴影。尽管广布于前寒武纪末期全球浅海域的“文德生物群”一直被认为是动物界早期一次“失败的演化试验”的牺牲品,但其中一支成功延续到早寒武世的春光虫(Stromatoveris)具有叠覆状梳齿构造,很可能代表着栉水母类的一类原始祖先。文中描述新的羽毛状动物王氏澄江海笔(Chengjiangopennawangii)不同于春光虫,前者具有彼此分离的羽枝,且羽枝上保存了排列规整的珊瑚个体虫室,因而与现代八射珊瑚中海笔类的形态学特征十分一致;新的谱系分析显示,它应该代表刺胞动物门中的一个原始类群。     

Application of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis in detecting the toxicity of harmful algae

The toxicity of seven major HAB (harmful algal bloom) species/strains, Prorocentrum donghaiense, Phaeocystis globosa, Prorocentrum micans, Alexandrium tamarense (AT-6, non-PSP producer), Alexandrium lusitanicum, Alexandrum tamarense (ATHK) and Heterosigma akashiwo were studied against rotifer Brachionus plicatilis under laboratory conditions. The results show that P. donghaiense, P. globosa, P. micans, A. tamarense (AT-6), or A. lusitanicum could maintain the individual survival and reproduction, as well as the population increase of the rotifer, but the individual reproduction would decrease when exposed to these five algae at higher densities for nine days; H. akashiwo could decrease the individual survival and reproduction, as well as population increase of the rotifer, which is similar to that of the starvation group, indicating that starvation might be its one lethal factor except for the algal toxins; A. tamarense (ATHK) has strong lethal effect on the rotifer with 48h LC₅₀ at 800 cells/mL. The experiment on ingestion ability indicated by gut pigment change shows that P. donghaiense, P. globosa, P. micans, A. tamarense (AT-6) and A. lusitanicum can be taken by the rotifers as food, but A. tamarense (ATHK) or H. akashiwo can be ingested by the rotifers. The results indicate that all the indexes of individual survival and reproduction, population increase, gut pigment change of the rotifers are good and convenient to be used to reflect the toxicities of HAB species. Therefore, rotifer is suggested as one of the toxicity testing organisms in detecting the toxicity of harmful algae. Supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX2-YW-208), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40821004, U0733006) and National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, No. 2001CB409700)     

Experimental Study on the Interspecific Interactions Between the Two Bloom-Forming Algal Species and the Rotifer Brachionusplicatilis

The interspecific interactions between the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis and two harmful algal blooms （HAB） species were investigated experimentally by single culture method. B. plicatilis population and the growth of the two algae were compared at different algal cell densities. The results demonstrated that the B. plicatilis obtained sufficient nutrition from Prorocentrum donghaiense to support net population increase. With exposure to 2.5×10^4 cells mL^-1 of P. donghaiense, the number of B. plicatilis increased faster than it did when exposed to other four algal densities （5, 10, 15 and 20 × 10^4 cells mL^-1）, and the increase rate of B. plicatilis population （r） at this algal density was 0.104 ± 0.015 rd^-1. Cell densities of P. donghaiense decreased due to the grazing of B plicatilis. In contrast, Heterosigma akashiwo had an adverse effect on B. plicatilis population and its growth was largely unaffected by rotifer grazing. In this case, B. plicatilis population decreased and H. akashiwo grew at a rate similar to that of the control.     

Experimental Study on the Interspecific Interactions Between the Two Bloom-Forming Algal Species and the Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

The interspecific interactions between the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis and two harmful algal blooms(HAB) species were investigated experimentally by single culture method. B. plicatilis population and the growth of the two algae were compared at different algal cell densities. The results demonstrated that the B. plicatilis obtained sufficient nutrition from Prorocentrum donghaiense to support net population increase. With exposure to 2.5×104 cells mL-1 of P. donghaiense,the number of B. plicatilis increa...