Variation Characteristics of Ambient NMHCs at Shangdianzi and Lin＇an Regional GAW Sites

In order to study the variation characteristics of concentration of the atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in background area of China, the atmospheric concentrations of NMHCs were measured at Lin'an (LA) regional GAW (Global Atmosphere Watch) Station (30°25'N, 119°44'E; 132.0 m ASL) and Shangdianzi (SDZ) regional GAW Station (40°19'N, 117°07'E; 286.5 m ASL) with the sorbent sorp-tion/thermal desorption/gas chromatographic method. Totally 145 samples were collected during the period of October 2003 and July 2004. Among the 52 NMHC species of C2-C10 detected there were 26 alkanes, 17 alkenes, and 9 aromatics. The average concentrations of total NMHCs (TNMHCs) at LA and SDZ were (238.5±126.0)×KT9C and (278.7±185.5)x10-9C, respectively. The results showed the ambient concentrations of TNMHCs at LA regional GAW Station increased notably over the last decade. The compositions of NMHCs at SDZ and LA were relatively similar. The proportions of alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics for SDZ and LA were hi ranges of (27.3±4.0)%, (10.3±3.5)%, and (62.5±4.8)%, respectively, with features of vehicle exhaust emissions. The concentrations of NMHCs at the two sites showed obvious diurnal and seasonal variations. The TNMHC concentrations in October-November were high at the two sites, and relatively low in April and July. The diurnal variation patterns at the sites were different. The high TNMHC concentrations at SDZ normally appeared in evening and night, but appeared in morning at LA. The TNMHCs concentrations at the two sites were significantly influenced by the meteorological condition. The high TNMHC concentration associated with the local wind from the urban areas or traffic in upper reaches.     

改性膨润土在环保中的应用

综述了改性膨润土在环境保护中的应用:去除废水中的重金属(Pb、Cr、Hg、Ni)离子;催化水中苯胺的光化学降解;处理J酸废液;去除水中硝基苯和苯酚;对乳油废水破乳除油等。并探讨了形成的机理。     

黄土风化过程的硼同位素地球化学研究

采用低硼高杂质离子样品硼同位素分析方法测定了黄土、古土壤样品中酸溶相硼含量及硼同位素组成. 洛川黄土S₀~S₂剖面酸溶相硼含量变化范围为(0.8 ~ 2.7)×10^-6, 其δ¹¹B值在-1.8 ~ +18.6‰之间变化, 多集中在0 ~ +10‰之间. 古土壤层的硼含量及δ¹¹B高于黄土层, 尤以S₁表现最显著. 引起剖面上酸溶相硼含量及δ¹¹B值变化的主要原因是化学风化作用和粘土吸附作用强度的变化. 气候条件变化所引起的风化作用强度的变化可能是酸溶相硼含量及δ¹¹B值发生变化的原因.     

考虑吸附与毛细作用的饱和冻土SFCC模型

土体冻结特征曲线(SFCC)是对冻土中未冻水含量随负温变化关系的数学描述,是研究冻土水热迁移、冻胀、本构关系等问题的重要基础。目前对于SFCC的研究,其经验表达式居多,而物理机制研究相对较少。通过考虑土颗粒与冰界面的吸附作用及冰相尖点的毛细作用,基于冰水相变平衡压力由吸附压力与毛细压力两部分共同组成,从孔隙尺度提出一个新的饱和冻土SFCC模型。模型计算结果表明,当颗粒半径逐渐增大时,相同温度下未冻水含量将不断减小,SFCC也会变得更加陡峭。基于核磁共振设备对单分散SiO₂微球冻融过程SFCC进行测试,试验结果与数学模型进行比较验证,结果表明新的SFCC模型与试验结果吻合较好,且具有明确的物理意义,可以为冻土基础研究提供理论依据。     

Adsorption of Ammonium and Heavy Metal Ions on Industrial Vermiculite from the Yuli Mine in Xinjiang, China

The present work discusses the mineralogy, saturated adsorption of ammonium and adsorption of heavy metal ions （Cu^2＋, Pb^2＋ and Zn^2＋） on industrial vermiculite samples from the Yuli Mine in Xinjiang Autonomous Region. The saturated adsorption capacity of ammonium and the affection factors of adsorption of Cu^2＋, Pb^2＋ and Zn^2＋ are discussed on the basis of the mineralogical characteristics of the industrial vermiculite samples. The saturated adsorption capacities of ammonium are between 56.02 and 98.42 mmol/100g. The time of adsorption equilibrium is about 30-60 min, and the pH values and concentration of the ion solution significantly affect the adsorption capacities of the heavy metal ions. The adsorption capabilities of the heavy metal ions on industrial vermiculite are almost the same in the low ion concentration solutions, characterized by a sequence of Zn^2＋〉Pb^2＋〉Cu^2＋ for adsorption capacity in solutions with relatively high ion concentration. The results have practical significance for the application of the industrial vermiculite to treating wastewater containing ammonium or heavy metal ions.     

有机粘土化学研究进展与展望

有机粘土化学是研究粘土矿物与有机化合物之间相互作用的一门学科,其内容包括粘土矿物对有机化合物的吸附作用,粘土矿物对有机化合物转化的催化作用以及有机化合物对粘土矿物的合成与风化的影响。着重阐述了近20年来有机粘土化学的研究进展,并就这一学科领域的研究作了展望。     

极大螺旋藻富积重金属机理的研究

于1993年5月由南京大学藻类培养室提供极大螺旋藻藻种,用Zarrouk培养基培养后,用活藻体和甲醛杀死的藻体分别进行吸附实验;过滤出的藻体置于6×10－3g／L左右浓度的Co2+,Ni2+,Cu2+,Zn2+离子混合液中。结果显示,死、活藻体都具有相似的吸附能力,对Co2+,Ni2+,Zn2+的富积大于203倍,对Cu2+的富积大于185倍;用热水提取、DEAE-纤维素D-23柱和SephadexG－200柱纯化后,获得了纯细胞外壁多糖,其分子量为52kD。将该糖溶液盛在透析袋内,并置于4种离子混合液中进行吸附实验,结果显示,核糖对Co2+,Ni2+,Cu2+,Zn2+的富积倍数分别达1744,1644,1340,1750。藻体和多糖对Co2+,Ni2+,Zn2+的吸附都高于对Cu2+的吸附。比较藻体与多糖对4种离子的吸附结果可见,藻体对离子的吸附主要是多糖的作用;多糖的红外光谱显示,金属离子改变OH和CO－NH的吸收峰,表明这两种基团与金属离子发生了络合作用;对Cu2+的络合滴定测定表明,Cu2+与多糖的结合度为0．40。     

Effects of Pb^2＋, Cd^2＋ and Cu^2＋ on the Aqueous Zn^2＋ Sorption by Hydroxyapatite

In this paper, the behaviors of aqueous zinc sorption by hydroxyapatite in the co-existence of Pb^2＋, Cd^2＋ and Cu^2＋ are investigated, the effects of Pb^2＋, Cd^2＋ and Cu^2＋ on the sorption of Zn^2＋ are discussed, and the hydroxyapatite sorption capabilities for Pb^2＋, Cd^2＋, Cu^2＋ and Zn^2＋ are compared. The experimental results show that the Zn^2＋ removal efficiency decreases gradually with the increase of the Cd^2＋ concentration of the solution, and there is no sorption preference between Cd^2＋ and Zn^2＋. On the other hand, the Zn^2＋ removal efficiency rapidly decreases rapidly with the increase of the Cu^2＋ concentration of the solution, and there is a clear sorption preference between Cu^2＋ and Zn^2＋. It is noticed that the Zn^2＋ removal efficiency is hardly changed with the variance of Pb^2＋ concentration because the removal mechanisms for these two ions are totally different. It is concluded that the adsorption affinities of the heavy metals for the hydroxyapatite follows this sequence： pb^2＋〉 Cu^2＋〉 Cd^2＋〉 Zn^2＋.     

铬在土壤及地下水中迁移转化研究综述

评述了铬在土壤及地下水中迁移转化的主要方式,着重讨论了吸附作用、氧化还原作用和生物作用对铬迁移转化的影响.并对目前研究中存在的问题进行了总结,对今后的发展方向进行了展望.     

老挝龙湖矿区ZK309农波组中盐段泥岩层硼的地球化学特征研究

由于硼(B)在自然界中分布较集中,平均丰度低,而且~(11)B和~(10)B之间质量差大,分馏效应显著,故元素硼及其同位素组成可以作为指相标志来判定硼来源和沉积环境。龙湖钾盐矿区是呵叻高原钾盐矿在老挝境内最主要的矿区之一,ZK309钻孔在龙湖矿区具有代表性。对该钻孔盐岩上覆碎屑层的硼元素及其同位素的分析,B含量56×10~(-6)~103×10~(-6)(wt.%),平均值为73×10~(-6);δ~(11)B的范围为+7.44‰到+11.62‰,平均+8.96‰,介于海水的δ~(11)B值(+39.5‰)及陆相地下水的δ~(11)B值(-3±5‰)之间,B的含量指示中盐段岩盐层沉积后期曾明显有水流体的活动,这种水流体表现出偏向于淡水、咸水混合水特征,而B同位素研究说明粘土矿物的吸附作用是δ~(11)B降低的主要因素。