Validation of total ozone data between satellite and ground-based measurements at Zhongshan and Syowa stations in Antarctica

We present validation between total ozone from satellite and ground-based observations of the Dobson and Brewer spectrometers and ozone radiosonde at Zhongshan and Syowa Antarctic research stations, for September 2004 to March 2009. Results show that mean bias error between Zhongshan （Syowa） and Ozone Monitor Instrument Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer （OMI-TOMS） data are -0.06%＋3.32% （-0.44%：i：2.41%）; between it and OMI Multi Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spec- troscopy （OMI-DOAS） data, the error is -0.34%--4.99% （-0.22%~4.85%）. Mean absolute bias error values of OMI-TOMS data are less than those of OMI-DOAS. This means that total ozone of OMI-TOMS is closer to ground-based observation than that of OMI-DOAS. Comparison between direct observational total ozone of ground-based and integrated ozone from the ozone profile measured by ozone radiosonde shows that ozone amount calculated with the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet （SBUV） method above balloon burst height is similar to corresponding Microwave Limb Sounder （MLS） data. Therefore, MLS data can be substituted with SBUV data to estimate ozone amount above that level. Mean bias error of the MLS ozone column is 2% compared with the ozonesonde column, with standard deviation within 9.5%. Comparison of different layers from ozone profiler and MLS data indi- cates that at the 215 hPa layer, the MLS ozone value is high, with relative deviation more than 20%. At the 100 hPa and 68 l~Pa layers, the MLS ozone value is also high. This deviation is mainly in spring, during Antarctic ozone hole appearance. In this period, at the height of severe ozone loss, relative deviation of MLS ozone values is especially large.     

南极菌Pseudoalteromonas sp.S-15-13引导糖基转移酶基因表达对环境因子变化的响应

为了探讨胞外多糖在南极微生物低温适应性中的作用与机制,克隆了南极菌Pseudoalteromonas sp.S-15-13的引导糖基转移酶(GTF)核心片段,并采用Real-Time PCR的方法研究了温度、冻融循环、盐浓度、pH等条件对该糖基转移酶基因(gtf)表达的影响。结果表明,低温有利于gtf的表达,短时的低温刺激(2℃)1 h后,gtf的表达量即上调为对照的1.5倍;而该菌经4和10℃培养24 h后gtf的表达量约为20℃时的8~12倍;经过冻融循环gtf的表达量上调,在第2个冻融循环后gtf 的表达量较对照提高了3.667倍;盐浓度对gtf的影响表现为低促高抑,即NaCl含量为6.0 %时gtf 的表达量是对照(3.0%)的3.59倍,当NaCl含量达9.0 %时gtf 表达量则显著下调;在一定范围内(pH5.0~8.0),pH的改变会促进gtf 的表达,当pH为6.0时gtf 表达量约为pH7.0时的2倍。该结果为探讨胞外多糖在南极微生物环境适应性中的作用与机制提供了科学依据。     

南极产碱性淀粉酶菌株NJ270的选育及酶学性质

从南极中山站排污口沉积物样品中筛选到一株产碱性淀粉酶的耐冷菌株NJ270,结合形态学观察和16S rDNA序列分析表明该菌属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas).发酵试验发现添加淀粉能使产酶量提高8.42倍.采用硫酸铵沉淀、Q Sepharose XL离子交换层析和Sephadex G-75凝胶层析对假单胞菌NJ270淀粉酶进行了纯化,获得电泳纯的淀粉酶,SDS-PAGE检测结果表明该酶大小约为55 kDa.酶学性质研究表明其最适pH值为9.0,最适作用温度为50℃.在低于40℃的条件下具有较高的热稳定性,属于碱性中温淀粉酶.该酶可水解可溶性淀粉生成麦芽五糖.酶活力受多种金属离子和螯合剂的影响,其中Mg2+可使酶活力提高10%,而Fe3+、Co2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Hg2+、EDTA则能抑制酶活性,抑制率均为60%左右.该酶的性质特征表明其在洗涤剂制造等工业生产中有一定的应用潜力.     

南极昆仑站完成120米深冰芯钻探

我国第28次南极考察昆仑站队近日在冰穹A地区完成120米的深冰芯钻探。在未来的南极考察中,我国南极考察队将继续深冰芯钻探,以期通过努力,在海拔4093米的南极冰盖最高点冰穹A地区获得3000米的深冰芯。（新华网）     

Structure and seasonal changes in atmospheric boundary layer on coast of the east Antarctic continent

The temperature, humidity, and vertical distribution of ozone in the Antarctic atmospheric boundary layer（ABL） and their seasonal changes are analyzed, by using the high-resolution profile data obtained during the International Polar Year 2008 to 2009 at Zhongshan Station, to further the understanding of the structure and processes of the ABL. The results show that the fre- quency of the convective boundary layer in the warm season accounts for 84% of its annual occurrence frequency. The frequency of the stable boundary layer in the cold season accounts for 71% of its annual occurrence frequency. A neutral boundary layer ap- pears rarely. The average altitude of the convective boundary layer determined by the parcel method is 600 m; this is 200 to 300 m higher than that over inland Antarctica. The average altitude of the top of the boundary layer determined by the potential tempera- ture gradient and humidity gradient is 1 200 m in the warm season and 1 500 m in the cold season. The vertical structures of ozone and specific humidity in the ABL exhibit obvious seasonal changes. The specific humidity is very high with greater vertical gradi- ent in the warm season and very low with a lesser gradient in the cold season under 2 000 m. The atmospheric ozone in the ABL is consumed by photochemical processes in the warm season, which results in a slight difference in altitude. The sub-highest ozone center is located in the boundary layer, indicating that the ozone transferred from the stratosphere to the troposphere reaches the low boundary layer during October and November in Antarctica.     

Evaluation of reanalysis and satellite-based sea surface winds using in situ measurements from Chinese Antarctic Expeditions

Sea surface winds from reanalysis （NCEP-2 and ERA-40 datasets） and satellite-based products （QuikSCAT and NCDC blended sea winds） are evaluated using in situ ship measurements from the Chinese National Antarctic Research Expeditions （CH1NAREs） from 1989 through 2006, with emphasis on the Southern Ocean （south of 45°S）. Compared with ship observations, the reanalysis winds have a positive mean bias （0.32 m·s-1 for NCEP-2 and 0.13 m·s-1 for ERA-40）, and this bias is more pronounced in the Southern Ocean （0.57 m·s-1 and 0.45 m·s-1, respectively）. However, mean biases are negative in the tropics and subtropics. The satellite-based winds also show positive mean biases, larger than those of the reanalysis data. All four wind products overestimate ship wind speed for weak winds （〈4 m·s-1） but underestimate for strong winds （〉10 m·s-1）. Differences between the reanalysis and satellite winds are examined to identify regions with large discrepancies.     

Features of visibility variation at Great Wall Station, Antarctica

The variation of visibility at Great Wall Station （GWS） was analyzed using manual observational data for the period of 1986 to 2012. Results show that the frequencies of occurrence of high （≥ 10 km） and low visibility （0-1 km） are 61.0% and 8.0%, respectively. Visibility at GWS shows an evident seasonal variation： The highest visibility between November and March, and the lowest visibility from June to October. Sea fog and precipitation are the main factors for low visibility during summer, whereas frequent adverse weather, such as falling snow, blowing snow, or blizzards, are responsible for low visibility in winter. The frequency of occurrence of low visibility has decreased significantly from 1986 to 2012. Conversely, the frequency of occurrence of high visibility has shown a significant increasing trend, especially during winter. The decreasing tendencies of fog, blowing snow, and snowfall have contributed to the increasing trend of high visibility during winter. Visibility at GWS exhibits significant synoptic-scale （2.1 to 8.3 d）, annual, and inter-annual periods （2 a, 4.1 a, and 6.9 a to 8.2 a）, among which the most significant period is 4.1 a. The visibility observed during 2012 indicates that instrumental observation can be applied in the continuous monitoring of visibility at GWS.     

联合卫星重力和卫星测高确定南极绕极流

联合基于GRACE重力卫星观测资料恢复的重力场模型(EIGEN-GL04S1)和卫星测高推求的平均海面高模型(KMSS04)来构造南极绕极流区域的平均海面动力地形,并利用小波滤波方法去掉短波及噪声信号,进而推算大、中尺度的绕极流。与非卫星重力场模型、同化资料及海洋水文资料确定相应结果的验证分析表明:基于新的卫星重力场模型推算的南极绕极流区域的海面动力地形、PF、SAF和表层流场等都与海洋学结果相吻合,且局部特征更加清晰。表明卫-卫跟踪重力卫星计划确定的地球重力场模型较之以前存在的重力场模型在中长波部分精度有较大提高,从大地测量(从空间)角度来探测南极绕极流已达到较高的精度。