高精度热电离质谱（TIMS）在南极陨石研究中的应用前景

热电离质谱（TIMS）是同位素地球化学研究中传统、可靠、分析精度高的主要测试仪器之一,尤其对于微量样品的高精度同位素比值测定,以其高精度和高灵敏度获得广泛的认可,这一特征在天体化学微量样品同位素研究中具有广阔的应用前景。目前,新型TRITON TIMS质谱仪已实现了Re–Os,Cr,Sr,Nd,Pb等同位素的高精度测定。采用TIMS测定Sr同位素比值的Sr含量范围可由10pg—100ng以上,87Sr/88Sr比值测定精度可达到5‰—5ppm;LaJolla Nd同位素标样测试结果为：143Nd/144Nd=0.511842±0.000005（2SE,n=28）,143Nd/144Nd比值测定精度最佳可达2ppm;207Pb–204Pb双稀释剂法对Pb含量为5—20ng样品测定,外部精度206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb分别达到±0.0034、±0.0046和±0.0100（2SE,n=28）;负离子状态（NTIMS）下对Os含量低至几—几十pg的样品测定187Os/188Os比值精度可达0.2‰以内,对Os含量为ng级的样品,187Os/188Os比值精度好于20ppm;Cr同位素比值50Cr/52Cr,53Cr/52Cr,54Cr/52Cr的分析精度分别可达到1ppm,2ppm,2ppm（2SD）以内。这些方法涵盖了亲石元素、亲铁元素,长寿命放射性同位素和短寿命灭绝核素的同位素研究,为我国南极陨石的深入研究提供了有力技术保障。     

珍贵的冰棘龙化石

加拿大阿尔伯塔大学的古生物学家H.Dunning在南极比尔德莫尔冰川柯克帕特里克峰发现了罕见的具有重要科学价值的冰棘龙化石。冰棘龙是一种史前的肉食性恐龙,头部有一个羽冠,可用作吸引异性和辨别同伴,拉丁文名字的含义为"冰封的蜥蜴"。冰棘龙化石最早发现于1990年,但直到去年夏天以前并没有发现该种恐龙完整的骨架化石。因南极特殊的地理环境,科学家们需要通过直升机才能到达挖掘现场,之前还要经过南极登山的特殊     

Characteristics of metals in the aerosols of Zhongshan Station, Antarctica

Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was applied to analyze the bulk, high-volume aerosol samples, collected at Zhongshan Station in the Eastern Antarctica, during 1998-2001, to study the chemical species. .A graphical technique was applied to the INAA data. Results showed that Na, Cl, Mg, Ca, Sr, Br, I, Sr and Rb were marine elements while Al, Sc, Fe and Mn were crustal elements. Compared to marine and crustal elements, five elements (Se、Co、Sb、Zn、Cr) were highly abundant in the aerosols collected at Zhongshan station, which indicated that they might come from the petroleum burning, heating and equipment operation. The presence of pollutant elements suggested that human activities have affected the local environments in Antarctica.     

Antarctica Sea-ice Oscillation and Its Possible Impact on Monsoon of South Sea

Antarctic sea-ice oscillation index with a seesaw pattern is defined using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis girds data of monthly Antarctica sea-ice concentration from 1979 to 2002. The relationships between the index of winter and the summer precipitations in China as well as the onset date of the summer East Asia monsoon are presented. The study result shows that the grids of correlation coefficients passed 5% confidence level between Antarctic sea-ice oscillation index and Antarctic sea-ice concentration are more than 1/3 of all grids of Antarctica sea-ice, that means the index can represent 1/3 sea-ice area. The winter index has a significant correlation with abnormal summer (June-August) precipitation in China. The area of positive correlation lies in the Yangtze River basin and its south, and that of negative correlation lies mainly in the north of Yangtze River basin. While the winter index is positive (negative), the onset date of South China Sea monsoon is earlier (later), with a probability of 79% (80%). Consequently, a conceptual model is given in term of discussing the possible process between the winter Antarctic sea ice and the monsoon precipitation in China.     

等面积可伸缩地球网格投影分析与应用

详细介绍了等面积可伸缩地球网格(EASE-Grid)投影,包括参数设置、特征以及如何定义该投影。选择南半球的海洋环境数据——海表面温度进行了研究分析。结合常用的地图投影软件ArcGIS,实现了海表面温度基于等面积可伸缩地球网格投影的显示和应用,为我国捕捞南极磷虾提供数据支撑。     

Multiple processes affecting surface seawater N20 satura- tion anomalies in tropical oceans and Prydz Bay, Antarc- tica

Abstract We analyzed the N20 content of surface seawater sampled from Prydz Bay, Antarctica, on a cruise track between 30°S and 30°N during the twenty-second Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition during austral summer, 2006. The surface water showed an average pN20 value of 311.9a：7.6 nL.L-1 （14.1：t：0.4 nmol-Ll）, which was slightly undersaturated. The air-sea N2O flux in the region was -0.3±0.8 p.mol.mE,dl; howeveh N20 in the surface water was oversaturated in most stations along the cruise track. Saturation anomalies were greater than 10%, with a maximum of 54.7% being observed at the Eqaator, followed by 31% at 10°N in the Sulu Sea. The air-sea fluxes at these locations were 12.4 and 4 μmol-mLd-1, respectively. Overall, the results indicated that surface water in Prydz Bay was near equilibrium with atmospheric N20, and that ocean waters in lower latitudes acted as a N20 source. Physical processes such as stratification, ice-melt water dilution, and solar radiation dominate the factors leading to N20 saturation of surface water of Prydz Bay, while biological production and upwelling are primarily responsible for the N20 oversaturation of surface water observed in subtropical and tropical regions along the cruise track.     

Validation of total ozone data between satellite and ground-based measurements at Zhongshan and Syowa stations in Antarctica

We present validation between total ozone from satellite and ground-based observations of the Dobson and Brewer spectrometers and ozone radiosonde at Zhongshan and Syowa Antarctic research stations, for September 2004 to March 2009. Results show that mean bias error between Zhongshan （Syowa） and Ozone Monitor Instrument Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer （OMI-TOMS） data are -0.06%＋3.32% （-0.44%：i：2.41%）; between it and OMI Multi Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spec- troscopy （OMI-DOAS） data, the error is -0.34%--4.99% （-0.22%~4.85%）. Mean absolute bias error values of OMI-TOMS data are less than those of OMI-DOAS. This means that total ozone of OMI-TOMS is closer to ground-based observation than that of OMI-DOAS. Comparison between direct observational total ozone of ground-based and integrated ozone from the ozone profile measured by ozone radiosonde shows that ozone amount calculated with the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet （SBUV） method above balloon burst height is similar to corresponding Microwave Limb Sounder （MLS） data. Therefore, MLS data can be substituted with SBUV data to estimate ozone amount above that level. Mean bias error of the MLS ozone column is 2% compared with the ozonesonde column, with standard deviation within 9.5%. Comparison of different layers from ozone profiler and MLS data indi- cates that at the 215 hPa layer, the MLS ozone value is high, with relative deviation more than 20%. At the 100 hPa and 68 l~Pa layers, the MLS ozone value is also high. This deviation is mainly in spring, during Antarctic ozone hole appearance. In this period, at the height of severe ozone loss, relative deviation of MLS ozone values is especially large.     

南极菌Pseudoalteromonas sp.S-15-13引导糖基转移酶基因表达对环境因子变化的响应

为了探讨胞外多糖在南极微生物低温适应性中的作用与机制,克隆了南极菌Pseudoalteromonas sp.S-15-13的引导糖基转移酶(GTF)核心片段,并采用Real-Time PCR的方法研究了温度、冻融循环、盐浓度、pH等条件对该糖基转移酶基因(gtf)表达的影响。结果表明,低温有利于gtf的表达,短时的低温刺激(2℃)1 h后,gtf的表达量即上调为对照的1.5倍;而该菌经4和10℃培养24 h后gtf的表达量约为20℃时的8~12倍;经过冻融循环gtf的表达量上调,在第2个冻融循环后gtf 的表达量较对照提高了3.667倍;盐浓度对gtf的影响表现为低促高抑,即NaCl含量为6.0 %时gtf 的表达量是对照(3.0%)的3.59倍,当NaCl含量达9.0 %时gtf 表达量则显著下调;在一定范围内(pH5.0~8.0),pH的改变会促进gtf 的表达,当pH为6.0时gtf 表达量约为pH7.0时的2倍。该结果为探讨胞外多糖在南极微生物环境适应性中的作用与机制提供了科学依据。     

南极产碱性淀粉酶菌株NJ270的选育及酶学性质

从南极中山站排污口沉积物样品中筛选到一株产碱性淀粉酶的耐冷菌株NJ270,结合形态学观察和16S rDNA序列分析表明该菌属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas).发酵试验发现添加淀粉能使产酶量提高8.42倍.采用硫酸铵沉淀、Q Sepharose XL离子交换层析和Sephadex G-75凝胶层析对假单胞菌NJ270淀粉酶进行了纯化,获得电泳纯的淀粉酶,SDS-PAGE检测结果表明该酶大小约为55 kDa.酶学性质研究表明其最适pH值为9.0,最适作用温度为50℃.在低于40℃的条件下具有较高的热稳定性,属于碱性中温淀粉酶.该酶可水解可溶性淀粉生成麦芽五糖.酶活力受多种金属离子和螯合剂的影响,其中Mg2+可使酶活力提高10%,而Fe3+、Co2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Hg2+、EDTA则能抑制酶活性,抑制率均为60%左右.该酶的性质特征表明其在洗涤剂制造等工业生产中有一定的应用潜力.