A coupled ice-ocean ecosystem model for 1-D and 3-D applications in the Bering and Chukchi Seas

Primary production in the Bering and Chukchi Seas is strongly influenced by the annual cycle of sea ice. Here pelagic and sea ice algal ecosystems coexist and interact with each other. Ecosystem modeling of sea ice associated phytoplankton blooms has been understudied compared to open water ecosystem model applications. This study introduces a general coupled ice-ocean ecosystem model with equations and parameters for 1-D and 3-D applications that is based on 1-D coupled ice-ocean ecosystem model development in the landfast ice in the Chukchi Sea and marginal ice zone of Bering Sea. The biological model includes both pelagic and sea ice algal habitats with 10 compartments： three phytoplankton （pelagic diatom, flagellates and ice algae： D, F, and Ai） , three zooplankton （copepods, large zooplankton, and microzooplankton ： ZS, ZL, ZP） , three nutrients （ nitrate ＋ nitrite, ammonium, silicon ： NO3 , NH4, Si） and detritus （Det）. The coupling of the biological models with physical ocean models is straightforward with just the addition of the advection and diffusion terms to the ecosystem model. The coupling with a multi-category sea ice model requires the same calculation of the sea ice ecosystem model in each ice thickness category and the redistribution between categories caused by both dynamic and thermodynamic forcing as in the physical model. Phytoplankton and ice algal self-shading effect is the sole feedback from the ecosystem model to the physical model.     

Results of recent Pacific-Arctic ice-ocean modeling studies at the Naval Postgraduate School

Summary of results from a high - resolution pan - Arctic ice - ocean model are presented for the northern North Pacific, Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort seas. The main focus is on the mean circulation, communication from the Gulf of Alaska across the Bering Sea into the western Arctic Ocean and on mesoscale eddy activity within several important ecosystems. Model results from 1979 -2004 are compared to observations whenever possible. The high spatial model resolution at 1/12o （or -9 - km） in the horizontal and 45 levels in the vertical direction allows for representation of eddies with diameters as small as 36 km. However, we believe that upcoming new model integrations at even higher resolution will allow us to resolve even smaller eddies. This is especially important at the highest latitudes where the Rossby radius of deformation is as small as 10 km or less.     

Distribution of general aerobic heterotrophic bacteria in sediment core taken from the Canadian basin and the Chukchi Sea

The occurrence percentage and abundance of General Aerobic Hetero- trophic Bacteria （GAB） were determined by using the method of MPN for 182 sub- samples from 10 sediment cores taken from the Canadian basin and the Chukchi Sea at two different culturing temperatures. The results showed that the general occurrence percentage of GAB was quite high, average abundanees of GAB at cultured temperatares of 4℃ and 25℃ were 4.46 ×10^7 and 5.47×10^7 cells·g^-1（wt）, respectively. The highest abundance of GAB occurred at 20 -22 cm section in the sediment. GAB abundances changed among the section of sediments, but there is a trend ： the a-bundances at the middle or lower sections were lower than those at upper section. Cultivation at 25℃ could improve the occurrence percentage and abundances of GAB, which suggests that the increasing of temperature may change the living circum-stances of GAB. The differences of GAB among the latitudes areas indicated that occurrence percentage and abundances of GAB in middle latitude areas were higher than those in the higher or lower latitude areas, and were more obvious at 4℃ than those at 25℃. The GAB abundances in sediment under the shallower water seemed to be low- er than those in sediments under the deeper water and this status was more obvious at 25℃ than that at 4℃.     

A coupled multi-category sea ice model and POM for Baffin Bay and the Labrador Sea

An overview of the seasonal variation of sea-ice cover in Baffin Bay and the Labrador Sea is given. A coupled ice-ocean model, CECOM, has been developed to study the seasonal variation and associated ice-ocean processes. The sea-ice component of the model is a multi-category ice model in which mean concentration and thickness are expressed in terms of a thickness distribution function. Ten categories of ice thickness are specified in the model. Sea ice is coupled dynamically and thermodynamically to the Princeton Ocean Model. Selected results from the model including the seasonal variation of sea ice in Baffin Bay, the North Water polynya and ice growth and melt over the Labrador Shelf are presented.     

地震预报是否也有“它山之石”

人类目前的知识水平还不足以对地震作出准确可靠的预报,而且除了海洋地震引发的海啸（因为有较长的延迟）之外,各国极少根据地震预测启动应急机制。原因是,虽然有些预测事后被证明是对的,但在统计上,这些预测的可信度都不高,远没有高到足以说服行政当局愿意承受可能的错误决策所造成的社会后果。     

Field detection of chlorophyll-a concentration in the sea surface layer by an airborne oceanographic lidar

An airborne oceanographic lidar, with a frequency-tripled Q-switched Nd： YAG laser of 355 nm, has been designed to measure chlorophyll-a （Chl-a） concentration in the sea surface layer by the Ocean Remote Sensing Institute, OUC. The field experiment was carried out in the bay which is located south of the Liaodong Peninsula on the 10th of September 2005. After the flight, the raw data were processed and analyzed by the fluorescence-to-Raman ratio method with seawater attenuation coefficients calculated from signal profiles. The results of Chl-a concentration sea water were also compared with those of Chl-a concentration by measurements by lidar are shown. The measurements in clear a Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS）.     

加强海洋监测观测,促进广西海洋经济和谐发展

广西海洋监测观测工作,是一项公益性的服务事业,若能得到政府的有效管理,保障其技术水平和服务能力能提升到满足广西海洋经济发展、应急管理、人民生活和国防安全等领域的环境需求,广西的海洋经济就能和谐发展,涉及民生建设的问题就能迎刃而解.     

Uncertainty representation of ocean fronts based on fuzzy-rough set theory

Analysis of ocean fronts' uncertainties indicates that they result from indiseemibility of their spatial position and fuzzi-ness of their intensity. In view of this, a flow hierarchy for uncertainty representation of ocean fronts is proposed on the basis of fuzzy-rough set theory. Firstly, raster scanning and blurring are carried out on an ocean front, and the upper and lower approximate sets, the indiscernible relation in fuzzy-rough theories and related operators in fuzzy set theories are adopted to represent its uncer-tainties, then they are classified into three sets: with members one hundred pereent belonging to the ocean front, belonging to the ocean front's edge and definitely not belonging to the ocean front. Finally, the approximate precision and roughness degree are util-ized to evaluate the ocean front's degree of uncertainties and the precision of the representation. It has been proven that the method is not only capable of representing ocean fronts' uncertainties, but also provides a new theory and method for uncertainty representation of other oceanic phenomena.     

中国海洋国土风不平浪不静 周边大国欲浑水摸鱼

海洋国土是国土资源的重要组成部分。南海是我国海上石油和贸易的生命线。扼两洋、制八方的南沙群岛是我国重要军事战略基地。这片海域不仅拥有巨大的水产资源,经多年的勘探和实际开采表明,它确属世界上除波斯湾、墨西哥湾以外的又一个蕴藏巨大油气资源的海域,初步估计油气总储量达630亿吨!2009年5月13日之前,《联合国海洋法公约》的缔约国,要向联合国大陆架界限委员会提交大陆架划界方案,否则其有关要求就不会得到承认。所以有人说,2009年中国周边的大国想要浑水摸鱼,中国的海洋国土风不平浪不静,但中国人要像守护土地一样守护我们的海洋。在这关键的时刻,我们勇敢地向海洋进发。3月,中国最大的渔政船抵达西沙群岛,在中国南沙群岛和西沙群岛出色的完成护渔、护航任务,并宣示中国对南海诸岛的主权;4月的海上大阅兵,我们用实力向世界说明,中国海军能够担负保卫国家海上安全、领海主权和维护世界海洋和平的重任!尽管有人认为,中国即使建造一艘航母,那也根本无法与美国的12艘航母相媲美;中国与美国的能力差距仍然很大,至少要再过几十年人民解放军海军才能成为美国海军的对手。但是在中国海军尚未到达世界最强地位时,就敢于敞开胸襟面对外界的探视,正充分体现了我...     

充发挥资源与地缘优势加快湛江海洋经济强市建设

文章分析了湛江经济发展的优势所在,认为湛江具有较好的基础设施条件,有较好的工业基础,原材料市场和产品市场,拥有一些地理位置优势,条件好的港口,具有发展海洋运输业的优势;海洋生物资源丰富,具有发展海洋养殖加工的条件,并且有多处独具特色的亚热带旅游风光,具有发展海洋滨旅游业的潜力。在此基础上用主导产业的选择准则判断和分析并提出湛江经济发展应以海洋运输业作为其主导产业。同时,要协调好主导产业与前向、后向