肠鳃类三崎柱头虫再生的研究

在饲养条件下,对青岛辛岛湾潮间带的三崎柱头虫(Balanoglossus misakiensis)的栖息和再生进行研究。6条柱头虫沿生殖翼中后部自切为2段,后段失去摄食、钻洞穴等行为能力和再生前段器官的能力,生存约1个月后解体;前段在1、2天内恢复了摄食、钻洞穴等生活习性,2个月内完成了后段缺失器官的再生,最长存活时间达156d,体长能达到母体体长的一半。113个个体通过手术横切为2段、3段或4段,发现42%的含有吻、领及鳃区的前段虫体,也能够再生全部失去的其他器官;没有吻、领和鳃区的其它片段失去了再生能力。     

长江口及邻近海域浮游桡足类分类多样性研究

利用2003年6月和2006年6月在长江口及邻近海域进行的2次大面调查所采集的浮游桡足类网采样品,并结合前人的研究,综合整理了长江口及邻近海域的浮游桡足类种名录,分析了桡足类的种类组成,并采用分类多样性指数(Δ)、分类差异指数(Δ*)、平均分类差异指数(Δ+)和分类差异变异指数(Λ+)对长江口及邻近海域浮游桡足类的分类多样性进行了研究。结果表明:长江口及其邻近海域浮游桡足类有222种,隶属于4目,33科,70属;其中2003年夏季共记录到浮游桡足类72种,2006年夏季102种。根据长江口及邻近海域浮游桡足类总名录,计算了其平均分类差异指数(Δ+)和分类差异变异指数(Λ+)的理论平均值及95%置信漏斗曲线。其平均分类差异指数的理论平均值为84.9,高于2003年6月和2006年6月研究水域的平均分类差异指数的平均值。该研究可为长江口及其邻近海域浮游桡足类多样性动态研究提供基础资料,并为同类型水域的相关研究提供借鉴。     

论“中国肯氏兽动物群”的多样性及生存时代

地质历史上的二叠纪、三叠纪,正是爬行动物和两栖动物多样辐射的时期,也是低等四足类相互更替的时期。那时地球上只有一个大陆—盘古大陆,中国所处的位置是南海北陆的格局。山西位于华北古陆上,这片土地出露着大面积的三叠纪陆相地层,无数的科研机构、专家学者都曾来这儿工作过,并在这里发现大量的脊椎动物化石,其中最具特色的就是"中国肯氏兽动物群"。本文简要介绍了该动物群的研究历史、多样性概况、时代讨论及在生命演化史上的意义等情况。     

Effects of corridor networks on plant species composition and diversity in an intensive agriculture landscape

The development of modern agriculture has resulted in much homogenization of the landscape consisting of large patches of farmland,so small remnant non-crop habitats especially linear corridors play an important role in the conservation of species and the maintenance of ecosystem functions.However,little attention has been paid to the effects of corridors structural characteristics on the plant species restricted to such habitats.In this study,we selected three types of corridors including ditch,hedgerow and road,and ana-lyzed their structural characteristics.The plant species presented in these corridors were investigated,and the species diversity,abun-dance and frequency were estimated.Moreover,spatial arrangements of corridors were classified into different types to discuss whether there were significant effects of corridor network on plant distribution.The results show that three types of corridors have different ef-fects on plant species composition and diversity.The one-one combined corridor networks and total network associated by three corri-dors have more complex structural features than each single type of corridor.However,there is no strong correlation between the corri-dor networks with their plant species.We suggest that carrying out a pointed vegetation survey at corridor intersections to further test the relationships between structural features of corridor and plants is necessary.     

Valuation of lake and marsh wetlands ecosystem services in China

Wetlands are highly productive natural ecosystems, providing valuable goods and services. There is growing interest in transferring ecosystem service value from the existing wetlands studied to other wetlands ecosystems at a large geographic scale. The benefit transfer method uses the known values from wetlands to predict the value of other wetland sites. This methodology requires only limited time and resources. The present study calculated the value of the ecological services provided by lake and marsh wetlands in China in terms of biodiversity indices, water quality indices and economic indices. Basic data on wetlands were obtained through remote sensing images. The results show that: 1) The total ecosystem service value of the lake and marsh wetlands in 2008 was calculated to be 8.1841 × 1010 United States Dollars(USD), with the marsh and lake wetlands contributing 5.6329 × 1010 and 2.5512 × 1010 USD, respectively. Values of marsh ecosystem service were concentrated in Heilongjiang Province(2.5516 × 1010 USD), Qinghai Province(1.2014 × 1010 USD), and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(1.1884 × 1010 USD). The value of the lakes were concentrated in Tibet Autonomous Region(6.223 × 109 USD), Heilongjiang(5.810 × 109 USD), and Qinghai(5.500 × 109 USD). 2) Waste treatment and climate regulation services contributed to 26.29% and 24.74% respectively, of the total ecosystem service value of the marsh wetlands. Hydrological regulation and waste treatment contributed to 41.39% and 32.75%, respectively, of the total ecosystem service value of the lake wetlands. 3) The total ecological service value of the lake and marsh wetlands was 54.64% of the total service value of natural grassland ecosystems and 30.34% of the total service value of forests ecosystems in China.     

海洋寄生性甲藻——阿米巴藻Amoebophrya spp.的研究进展

寄生性甲藻阿米巴藻Amoebophrya是一类广泛寄生于纤毛虫类、放射虫类、甲藻类等海水浮游生物的原生生物,在北大西洋、北太平洋和地中海等营养盐丰富、宿主密度较高的河口和近海水环境中普遍存在,是海洋浮游食物网的重要组成部分。这类寄生性甲藻能够特异性感染海洋浮游甲藻,在有害藻华(harmful algal bloom,HAB)的发生过程中起下行控制作用,将逃脱了浮游动物摄食的浮游植物补充到微食物环(microbial loop)中去。Amoebophrya在近海海洋生态系统中的独特作用日益受到国际上越来越多研究者的关注和重视,并逐渐成为国际上海洋微型生物研究的新热点之一。近年来,已有初步调查研究表明这类寄生性甲藻在我国近海海域广泛存在;然而,目前我国尚缺乏该类寄生性甲藻的相关研究。本文系统综述了国际上该类寄生性甲藻的研究进展,针对目前研究中存在的问题并结合我国有害藻华发生机制相关研究的现状做出了分析和展望,以期推动我国该类寄生性甲藻的相关研究,为进一步阐释寄生性甲藻等海洋微型生物在有害藻华消长过程和海洋微食物环中的作用奠定基础。     

西南印度洋深海热液硫化物区沉积物微生物群落结构和固氮基因多样性

A sediment sample was collected from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent field located at a depth of 2 951 m on the Southwest Indian Ridge. Phylogenetic analyses were performed on the prokaryotic community using polymerase chain reaction（PCR） amplification of the 16 S rRNA and nifH genes. Within the Archaea, the dominant clones were from marine benthic group E（MBGE） and marine group I（MGI） belonging to the phyla Euryarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota, respectively. More than half of the bacterial clones belonged to the Proteobacteria, and most fell within the Gammaproteobacteria. No epsilonproteobacterial sequence was observed. Additional phyla were detected including the Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, Acidobacteria, Nitrospirae, Chloroflexi, Chlorobi, Chlamydiae, Verrucomicrobia, and candidate divisions OD1, OP11, WS3 and TM6, confirming their existence in hydrothermal vent environments. The detection of nifH gene suggests that biological nitrogen fixation may occur in the hydrothermal vent field of the Southwest Indian Ridge. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that only Clusters I and III NifH were present. This is consistent with the phylogenetic analysis of the microbial 16 S rRNA genes, indicating that Bacteria play the main role in nitrogen fixation in this hydrothermal vent environment.     

Ecological indicators showing the succession of macrofauna communities in Sonneratia apetala artificial mangrove wetlands on Qi’ao Island at Zhuhai, South China

The Sonneratia apetala artificial mangroves in the intertidal zone of Da Wei Bay at Qi’ao Island of Zhu-hai, South China were chosen as the macrofauna succession plots while bare tidal flats of the same size were established as control plots in surrounding interference-free areas. Conventional change indicators of community structure, such as biomass and biodiversity, and indicators, such as exergy and specific exergy, which reflect the information change of overall communities, were used to analyze the succession of macro-fauna communities inS. apetala artificial mangroves. The similarities and differences in variation tendency of the different ecological indicators and their reflected ecological principles were compared. The results showed that from D-1 to D-1275 after plantingS. apetala, the biomass of the macrofauna communities first increased, which was then followed by an increase in the network relationship between the macrofauna communities （analysis of the Pielou evenness index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index）. The system in-formation （specific exergy） increased the slowest. Between D-1460 and D-2370 after plantingS. apetala, there was a decrease in biomass, network structure, and system information in the succession plots. After the decrease in the system information （the specific exergy）, there was a decline in the network relationships （Pielou evenness index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index）. Biomass was the last indicator to decrease. The similarities and differences among the different ecological indicators varied during the succession pro-cess, which reflected the relativity and differences among the indicators. This study suggested that, although the species diversity index can be an effective indicator of two types of changes （network structure and system information）, it was quite clear that species diversity measurement was not suitable for expressing the changes in biomass during the succession process. While exergy and specific exergy can provide useful information     

山东沿海菲律宾蛤仔不同地理群体遗传多样性的AFLP 分析

利用AFLP技术对山东沿海菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)4个野生群体(乳山、无棣、牟平、即墨)进行了遗传多样性分析。采用6对引物组合对4个群体进行扩增,共得到356个位点,乳山群体、无棣群体、牟平群体和即墨群体的多态位点比例依次为74.40%、70.50%、72.80%、74.70%,具有较高的遗传多样性水平。其中,即墨群体多态性比例最高,无棣群体多态性比例最低。聚类分析表明,各群体间的遗传距离为0.0263~0.0448,乳山群体和无棣群体间的遗传距离最近(0.0263),两群体首先聚在一起,随后与牟平群体和即墨群体聚在一起。