Socio-economic vulnerability due to climate change: Deriving indicators for fishing communities in Mumbai

This paper assessed the socio-economic implications of climate change and vulnerability of fishing communities known as “Koli” living in Mumbai, India. The vulnerability indicators are derived from sustainable livelihood literature and use of multi-criteria analyses and are validated with expert opinions. A survey of two hundred fishermen from five fishing villages in Mumbai was conducted to collect data. The results demonstrate that vulnerability perpetuates due to physical and financial resource constraints among the fishing community. Fishermen from Madh and Worli villages are observed to be more vulnerable and less adaptive due to their inability to use efficient mechanized boats and advanced fishing implements, such as fish finders and GPS (Global Positioning System). The divergence in the vulnerability scores among fishing villages is attributed to the coping strategies, resource availability, knowledge and the benefit derived from the local government. Fishermen have been observing the negative impacts of climate change on their fishing livelihoods. Adaptation strategies to maximize fish catch are observed in such practices as targeting different species and fishing intensively for several days. However, these practices are leading to an imbalance in the common resource pool and biased resource sharing among different groups of fishermen.     

我国海岸潟湖卫星遥感分类方法研究

参照Landsat-5TM和HJ-1CCD遥感影像,依据实地踏勘资料及解译经验,分析各种海岸潟湖地貌学成因和发育演变阶段,提出基于潟湖地貌学成因的遥感分类方法。并将我国海岸潟湖划分为滨外坝型、沙坝型、沙嘴型、湾顶坝型、连岛坝型和河口型共6种地貌类型。建立基于发育演变阶段的潟湖遥感分类标准,将海岸潟湖分为青壮年期、老年期和死亡期共3个发育演变过程;结合潟湖在影像中的特征,以近红外、红、绿波段组合后的假彩色影像为例,从色彩、纹理、地物邻接关系等方面建立不同潟湖类型的遥感解译标志;根据所建立的遥感解译标志,对山东省53个海岸潟湖进行遥感分类验证,结果吻合。     

上扬子盆地西南缘上组合气藏成藏过程分析

通过对代表上扬子盆地西南缘上组合气藏特征的平落坝、白马庙和观音寺3个典型气藏进行解剖,明确了中侏罗统沙溪庙组天然气分布特征。结合输导体系、流体包裹体成藏期次和构造演化研究成果,分析了气藏成藏过程,总结其成藏模式,以期为有利勘探目标区的选择及评价提供地质依据。上扬子盆地西南缘沙溪庙组气藏以构造-岩性和岩性气藏为主,天然气主要分布在沙溪庙组Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ段,主要聚集于构造高点。油气成藏时间集中在93～72 Ma,发生过至少2幕油气充注。燕山运动是气藏形成的主要时期,其形成的断层是沟通气源的主要通道;喜山运动是气藏天然气调整的主要时期,喜山期逆冲断层的活动及构造高点的迁移是天然气调整的主要原因。不同构造区域成藏具有差异性：西部褶皱带断-砂匹配、构造、砂体物性是主要控藏因素,构造高点、断层封闭性控制其含气丰度;东部斜坡带断-砂匹配、构造、封闭断层是主要控藏因素,构造高点、砂体物性控制其含气丰度。     

胶州湾水体重金属Hg的质量浓度和分布

根据1982-04、06、07和10月胶州湾水域调查资料,探讨和研究胶州湾重金属Hg的水质、平面分布、垂直分布、季节变化以及来源.结果表明：Hg在胶州湾水体中的质量浓度范围为：0.006～0.049 μg/L,在胶州湾整个水域,没有受到Hg的污染.在胶州湾西南沿岸水域,地表径流直接输送Hg入海,其质量浓度都非常低;在胶州湾东部沿岸水域,河流输送Hg入海,其质量浓度相对较高.Hg的表、底层水平分布证实了Hg的水域迁移过程和水域迁移机制.Hg质量浓度的垂直分布展示了胶州湾表层水质受到陆地地表径流输送Hg的影响,而胶州湾底层水质受到累计沉降的效应.通过胶州湾Hg的时空分布,发现控制Hg的排放得到实施,输入胶州湾水域的Hg大为减少.     

Influence of core property on multi-electron process in slow collisions of isocharged sequence ions with neon

Influence of core property on multi-electron process in the collisions of q=6-9 and 11 isocharged sequence ions with Ne is investigated in the keV/u region. The cross-section ratios of double-, triple-, quadruple- and total multi-electron processes to the single electron capture process as well as the partial ratios of different reaction channels to the relevant multi-electron process are measured by using position-sensitive and time-of-flight techniques. The experimental data are compared with the theoretical predictions including the extended classical over-barrier model, the molecular Columbic barrier model and the semi-empirical scaling law. Results show a core effect on multi-electron process of isocharge ions colliding with Neon, which is consistent with the results of Helium we obtained previously.     

Designation of marine protected areas in Belgium: A legal and ecological success?

In Belgium a long process (1999–2005) led to the designation of several marine protected areas (MPAs). In order to analyse the designation process, the ‘policy arrangement approach’ was used as an analytical tool. Attention was given to four dimensions (actors and coalitions, arguments, rules and resources). Particular attention was paid to the switch from an authoritative to a more deliberated policy style in reaction to conflicts with stakeholders. This switch in policy style contributed to a successful legal designation, but does not guarantee the best protection of marine biodiversity. This case study linked science (setting ecological goals) to policy (analysis of a policy process) and led to some more general conclusions on the designation of MPAs and the role of participation in this process.     

工程养护海滩对"803"风暴潮的响应过程研究

研究养护海滩对风暴潮的响应过程在人工养滩工程设计与施工中具有重要意义。老龙头养护海滩在竣工半个月后遭遇“803”风暴潮,导致岸滩滩肩最大蚀退 6.5 m,沙坝坝顶最大下蚀 1.2 m。在现场测量的基础上,利用 XBeach 建立风暴潮过程 的老龙头海滩海床演变模型,研究结果表明： （1） XBeach 模拟结果与实际地形变化侵淤趋势一致,风暴潮期间人工沙坝均向岸移动,但模拟结果的侵蚀程度更大,海滩响应更加剧烈; （2） 强浪条件下人工沙坝的透射系数为 0.29~0.42,常浪条件下透射系数为 0.45~0.95,因而人工沙坝在大浪条件下掩护作用更佳; （3） 风暴潮期间人工沙坝附近破波显著,坝顶流速明显增大,最大可达 1.21 m/s,是无人工沙坝情况下的 2.3 倍,而在人工沙坝向岸侧,因波能提前耗散,流速减为 0.28 m/s,是无人工沙坝时的 0.4 倍,且没有产生离岸流。老龙头养护工程整体泥沙损失较少,易于恢复.     

海底热液硫化物矿体内部流体混合过程的数值模拟:以大西洋TAG热液活动区为例

大型海底热液硫化物矿体的形成机制是涉及多种控制因素的复杂地质过程,其中热液流体同海水的混合扮演着重要角色。大洋钻探计划(ODP)资料表明在大西洋TAG区热液硫化物矿体内部,热液流体同经过改造的海水之间发生着广泛的混合作用,这个过程在很大程度上控制着海底热液硫化物矿体的内部结构和化学组成。以TAG热液硫化物矿体为例,利用数值模拟方法模拟了热液流体与经过不同程度改造的海水的混合过程,试图探讨海水与热液流体混合在热液硫化物矿体形成中的作用。模拟计算结果表明:(1)来自矿体深部的热液流体与经围岩加热的下渗海水的混合是造成TAG热液活动区硬石膏大量沉淀的重要原因;(2)在热液流体与海水的混合过程中,混合流体的化学性质和矿物沉淀情况在330~310℃上下发生了较大变化,330~310℃是一个特殊的温度区域;(3)利用数值计算结果探讨了TAG热液活动区不同区块(TAG-1,TAG-2和TAG-5等)的流体混合作用和热液活动过程。     

巴拿马海道关闭及其古海洋和古气候影响

位于中关洲的巴拿马海道曾是连通赤道东太平洋和大西洋的开放洋流通道。从中新世开始,巴拿马海道在构造运动的驱动下逐步关闭,切断了赤道太平洋和大西洋海水的直接交流。海道的关闭不仅改变了太平洋和大西洋海水的物理性质和洋流模式,还可能对新生代中晚期气候变化,特别是北半球大冰期的开始有重要作用。简要综述了二十余年来围绕巴拿马海道关闭及其古海洋、古气候意义方面的研艽成果和最新研究进展。很多相关的问题目前仍处于激烈的争论之中或尚未得到充分的认识,亟待开展进一步工作。开展相关研究将对促进我国古海洋和古气候研究具有积极意义,并有助于进一步加深我们对于海洋一气候系统的认识。     

Seasonality and duration in extreme value distributions of significant wave height

This paper presents a statistical model to characterize the long-term extreme value distribution of significant wave height, conditioning to the duration of the storm and accounting for seasonality. A time-dependent version of the peak over threshold (POT) approach is used to build the model, which is then applied to specific reanalysis time series and NOAA buoy records. The model considers the annual and semiannual cycles which are parameterized in terms of harmonic functions. The inclusion of seasonal variabilities substantially reduces the residuals of the fitted model. The information obtained in this study can be useful to design maritime works, because (a) the model improves the understanding of the variability of extreme wave climate along a year and (b) the model accounts for the duration of the storm, which is a key parameter in several formulations for rubble mound breakwater design.