广西钦州湾海岸带孢粉组合和沉积环境演变

对广西钦州湾海岸滩涂的4个钻孔的沉积物进行孢粉分析,结合 210Pb法测得沉积速率,讨论了该地区大约150年来的沉积环境演变规律.钦州湾地区具有19世纪中-末叶较现在偏凉的区域性气候; 20世纪初期西海岸沉积物中红树林花粉Rhizophora和Aegiceras锐减,反映出红树林滩衰退的特征; 60年代和70年代,钦州湾西海岸线明显向内陆迁移,高潮滩环境向低潮滩演化; 而80年代始,东海岸线由于钦江流域来沙的迅速堆积,沉积速率较高,岸线向海推移明显,沉积物中木本植物花粉和禾本科均有所增加,这和围垦修堤的人类活动加速了低潮滩向高潮滩演化有关.钦州湾总体表现出西向扩张,东向缩减的趋势.     

ON THE DEPOSITIONAL DYNAMICS OF GUANHE ESTUARY

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Recent sedimentary records from the Arabian Sea

An attempt is made to understand the redox conditions that prevailed in the north eastern continental margins of the Arabian Sea and in the nearby deep water regions during the past few centuries using short undisturbed sediment cores. The geochronology is accomplished using²¹⁰Pb excess method and the proxy indicators chosen for productivity and associated redox changes are CaCO₃, organic matter (OM), Mn and U along with major elements Fe and Al. Such changes in principle are related to high productivity in the overlying waters which in turn depend on monsoonal intensity that causes upwelling responsible for increase in productivity. Alongwith the published data on gravity cores from the same region, our measurements suggest the following: At ∼ 300 m water depth, south of 21°N, the sediment-water interface at depths of ∼ 300 m had been anoxic during the time span represented by the presently studied cores for approximately ∼ 700y as evidenced by low Mn/Al (< 0.7 × 10⁻²) and high U/Al (> 10⁻⁴) weight ratios. In some adjacent deeper regions, however, the environment turned oxic around ∼ 200 y BP. Whereas both Mn and Ra were lost to the overlying waters in the anoxic regions (depth ∼340m), the Mn that diffused from deeper sections appears to have mineralized at the sediment-water-interface. Studies of this type on long undisturbed cores from the margins of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, involving several proxies and geochronology by more than one method are needed to understand short term environmental (and monsoonal intensity) changes of the recent past with high resolution.     

Low-background gamma counting: applications for210Pb dating of sediments

Sediment cores from three lakes were dated with²¹⁰Pb using a constant rate of supply (CRS) model. We used low-background gamma counting to measure naturally occurring levels of²¹⁰Pb,²²⁶Ra, and¹³⁷Cs in sediment samples because sample preparation is simple and non-destructive,²²⁶Ra activity provides a direct measure of supported²¹⁰Pb activity for each sample analyzed, and¹³⁷Cs activity may provide an independent age marker for the 1962–1963 peak in atmospheric fallout of this radionuclide. In one core supported²¹⁰Pb activity was estimated equally well from²²⁶Ra activity of each sampling interval or from the mean total²¹⁰Pb activity of constant activity samples at depth. Supported²¹⁰Pb activity was constant with depth in this core. In a short freeze core, determining²²⁶Ra activity of every sample proved advantageous in estimating supported²¹⁰Pb activity because supported²¹⁰Pb activity could be estimated from²¹⁰Pb measurements only at the deepest sampling interval. Supported²¹⁰Pb activity estimated from²²⁶Ra activity also yielded more precise estimates of highly variable sedimentation rates. In the third core²²⁶Ra activity exceeded²¹⁰Pb activity at the top of the core and varied 20 fold with depth. This high input of²²⁶Ra in disequilibrium with²¹⁰Pb is attributed to recent erosion of radium-bearing materials in the drainage basin. These data invalidate the assumption that supported²¹⁰Pb activity is constant in sediment cores and can be estimated from the mean total²¹⁰Pb activity at depths where²¹⁰Pb activity is constant. We recommend using gamma counting or another independent assay of²²⁶Ra to validate the assumption of constant supported²¹⁰Pb activity in sediment cores if there is reason to expect that²²⁶Ra activity varies with depth.This is the fourth of a series of papers to be published by this journal following the 20 ^th anniversary of the first application of²¹⁰Pb dating of lake sediments. Dr. P.G. Appleby is guest editing this series.     

低温环境中^2^1^0Pb的迁移性综述

~(210)Pb的衰变半周期较短(25年),因而在近年来广泛用于现代沉积物的年龄测定。但是迄今对~(210)Pb的迁移性尚有不同认识。本文试图综合评述显示~(210)Pb在低温环境中迁移性的各种证据,并阐述控制~(210)Pb迁移性的各种条件,以便作为评估用~(210)Pb测定年龄方法精度的参考。     

Inputs of dissolved and particulate 226Ra to lakes and implications for 210Pb dating recent sediments

Gamma spectroscopy was used to measure radioisotope (²¹⁰Pb, ²²⁶Ra, ¹³⁷Cs) activities in sediment cores from 20 lakes and a wetland in Florida, USA. Nine profiles display relatively low (<5 dpm g^–1) and constant ²²⁶Ra activities, whereas 12 show high (>5 dpm g^–1) and variable ²²⁶Ra activities. In the latter group, most display up-core increases in activity. Upper sediments from two lakes (Round and Rowell) possess very high (>20 dpm g^–1) ²²⁶Ra activities that exceed total ²¹⁰Pb activities, clearly illustrating disequlibrium between ²²⁶Ra and supported ²¹⁰Pb. Supported ²¹⁰Pb activity is generally thought to come from in situ, ²²⁶Ra-containing detrital mineral particles, and is typically assumed to be in secular equilibrium with ²²⁶Ra activity. Since 1966, Round Lake has been augmented hydrologically with ²²⁶Ra-rich (6.2 dpm L^–1) groundwater pumped from the local deep aquifer. Adsorption of dissolved ²²⁶Ra to recent Round Lake sediments probably accounts for the high measured ²²⁶Ra activities and the pronounced disequilibrium between ²²⁶Ra and supported ²¹⁰Pb in topmost deposits. We suspect that many Florida waterbodies receive some ²²⁶Ra-rich runoff and seepage from groundwater pumped for irrigation, residential use, industrial applications, and mining. This may account for up-core increases in ²²⁶Ra activity measured in sediment cores from some Florida lakes. Significant groundwater pumping began within the last century, and there has been insufficient time for supported ²¹⁰Pb to come into equilibrium with adsorbed ²²⁶Ra in uppermost deposits. Input of ²²⁶Ra-rich groundwater to lakes may occur in any geographic region where local bedrock contains ²³⁸U and its daughters. When dissolved ²²⁶Ra adsorbs to recent sediments, it complicates accurate estimation of supported ²¹⁰Pb activity, and confounds calculation of unsupported ²¹⁰Pb activity that is used in dating models.     

The U-isotopes modeling in aquifers from Poços de Caldas plateau, Brazil

U-modeled groundwater residence times were estimated by changes in ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratio (AR) and U content of groundwaters from Poços de Caldas city situated at the Poços de Caldas alkaline massif, Brazil. The estimated ages are more realistic than others generated by the use of hydraulic conductivity data and available information about the weathering rate of rocks in the plateau. The ²³⁴U/²³⁸U AR and reciprocal of the dissolved U-content data also defined a ternary plot that allowed the calculation of the relative volume of three source waters for the mixed water. Such U-isotopes modeling for mixing calculations indicated that the dominant phase (68%) in the mixture is thermal.     

云南兰坪白秧坪铜钴多金属矿集区矿石中石英的40Ar-39Ar年龄

云南兰坪白秧坪铜钴多金属矿集区矿石中石英的⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar快中子活化年龄谱呈马鞍形,坪年龄为56.53±0.43Ma,最小视年龄为55.52±1.78Ma,等时线年龄为55.90±0.29Ma,三者在误差范围内一致(1σ)。⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar初始值为294.7±1.14,与尼尔值(295.5±5)十分接近,坪年龄和等时线年龄均可作为石英的形成时代。因此,55.90~56.53Ma(喜马拉雅早期)代表了矿床的成矿年龄。     

南沙海域表层水中210Po/210Pb不平衡及其海洋学意义

对南沙海域表层水中溶解态(<0.45 mm)和颗粒态(>0.45 mm)²¹⁰Po和²¹⁰Pb进行了研究. 结果表明, 南沙海域表层水中溶解态和颗粒态²¹⁰Po平均比活度分别为0.61 Bq/m³(n = 24)和0.43 Bq/m³ (n = 23). 溶解态和颗粒态²¹⁰Pb 平均比活度分别为1.66 Bq/m³ (n = 24)和0.23 Bq/m³(n = 23). 颗粒态²¹⁰Pb比活度约占总²¹⁰Pb比活度的12%, 与开阔大洋相应值吻合; 而颗粒态²¹⁰Po占总²¹⁰Po的比例约40%, 明显高于开阔大洋和富营养海域. 根据稳态不可逆模型得到总²¹⁰Po和²¹⁰Pb的停留时间分别为0.82 和1.16 a. 清除过程中²¹⁰Po和²¹⁰Pb的平均分馏因子由清除速率常数法和固-液分配系数法计算分别为5.42和6.69, 揭示了²¹⁰Po和²¹⁰Pb从溶解相清除至颗粒相的过程中发生了明显的分馏. 进一步的研究证明了南沙海域²¹⁰Po和²¹⁰Pb的分馏主要由微生物控制, 与富营养海域的分馏机制不同: 在富营养海域, 浮游植物颗粒和粪粒充当²¹⁰Po和²¹⁰Pb清除和迁出过程的主要载体, ²¹⁰Po和²¹⁰Pb的分馏主要发生于浮游植物颗粒和粪粒对两核素的清除过程; 在寡营养南沙海域, 由于浮游植物颗粒和粪粒的相对贫乏, 使微生物对²¹⁰Po的清除作用相对突出, 并在此过程中使²¹⁰Po和²¹⁰Pb产生明显的分馏效应. 这与寡营养的马尾藻海的研究结果极为相似, 进一步证实寡营养海域和富营养海域²¹⁰Po生物地球化学行为和循环路径的差异. 这表明²¹⁰Po可能是研究与微生物有关的海洋学过程, 尤其是研究硫族元素(S, Se, Te和Po)生物地球化学循环的有用示踪剂.