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1.
Symbiotic Relations of Sediment-Agglutinating Nematodes and Bacteria in Detrital Habitats: The Enzyme-Sharing Concept 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Abstract. A new concept (‘enzyme sharing’) concerning the interaction of marine nematodes and microbes in the degradation of sedimentary detritus is presented. Elements of this concept are (1) the notorious tendency of many aquatic nematodes to agglutinate detrital particles by mucus secretions, (2) new observations on the stimulation of microbial growth by nematodes in agar plates, and (3) literature data on limited endogenous proteolytic capacities of aquatic nematodes. Observations on nematode‐microbe associations in agar plates prompted the conceptual synthesis. In agar medium without the addition of any nutrients a spectacular growth of bacteria was visible on the sinusoidal crawling trails of nematodes only 2 – 3 days after introduction of the worms (species of Adoncholaimus, Anoplostoma and Sabatieria). Juveniles of Anoplostoma that hatched in the agar cultures left their minute trails in the medium and these were rapidly occupied by bacteria. The nematodes repeatedly visited their bacterial trails, which persisted as a peculiar biotic structure for more than one year and survived the nematodes.In sterile agar preparations containing the fluorogenic methylumbelliferyl‐β‐glucoside in the presence of the nematode Adoncholaimus, an enhanced fluorescence of the medium was visible, indicating β‐glucosidase activity. We therefore assume that oncholaimid nematodes discharge enzymes that alone, or in concert with microbial activities, contribute to the hydrolytic cleavage of refractory polysaccharides containing β‐glucosidic bonds such as agar components and cellulose. The sugars thus produced may then be taken up by the nematodes and concomitantly support the conspicuous growth of microbes. Since we did not observe any feeding of the nematodes on the associated microbes in agar plates, we question the nutritive potential of intact microbial cells for a number of nematodes abounding in detrital habitats, and call attention to the significance of ambient dissolved or adsorbed organic monomeric nutrients.Consequently, we perceive the puzzling perpetual accretion of detrital organic particles to sediment agglutinations by nematodes as an adaptation for operating an ‘enzymatic reactor’ for the production of dissolved nutrients. We hypothesise a relationship of mutual commensalism of nematodes and heterotrophic microbes in detrital habitats and propose the term ‘enzyme sharing’ for this relationship. Both parties invest in a common enzyme pool that decomposes organic detritus for their nutrition. We present here evidence that nematodes contribute β‐glucosidase, which is involved in the cellulase system. Data from the literature suggest that microbial enzymatic processing of detrital proteins yields amino acids available to nematodes, which apparently have no efficient proteolytic enzyme system in their intestines. 相似文献
2.
聂品 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2000,(1)
INTRODUCTIONIntestinalparasitecommunitiesinfisharefoundnormallytobepoorintermsofspeciescompo sitionswhencomparedwiththoseinbirdsandsomeotherhighervertebrates (Kennedyetal.,1 986;Eschetal.,1 990 ) .However,ectoparasitecompositionsongillsoffishareconsideredasspec… 相似文献
3.
河流弧菌(Vibrio fluvialis)对大黄鱼( Pseudosciaena crocea ) 鳃粘液粘附特性研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用间接ELISA法(最低检测值约104cfu)研究不同培养条件、不同培养阶段、抗体处理、营养饥饿等对河流弧菌粘附作用的影响。结果表明,经TSB培养的菌体的粘附作用极显著强于TSA培养的菌体的粘附作用(P<0.01);河流弧菌能很好地粘附于大黄鱼粘液,粘附量随菌浓度升高而增大并符合饱和粘附动力学:y=0.1782ln(x)1.6923(R2=0.9810);不同生长阶段河流弧菌的粘附能力不同,在培养初期阶段细菌的粘附量先是随着培养时间的延长而增大,并在培养24h后粘附量达到最大,而后随着培养时间的延长其粘附量急剧下降;抗体处理后河流弧菌的粘附量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);营养饥饿菌体的粘附量明显降低。以上结果表明:海水中的河流弧菌能很好地粘附于大黄鱼鳃粘液,其粘附作用受细菌培养条件、营养状况等自身因素的显著影响。本研究结果有助于了解河流弧菌的流行病学和致病机理。 相似文献
4.
Preliminary evidence for human fecal contamination in corals of the Florida Keys,USA 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Lipp EK Jarrell JL Griffin DW Lukasik J Jacukiewicz J Rose JB 《Marine pollution bulletin》2002,44(7):666-670
Corals and reef environments are under increased stress from anthropogenic activities, particularly those in the vicinity of heavily populated areas such as the Florida Keys. The potential adverse impacts of wastewater can affect both the environment and human health; however, because of the high decay rate of bacterial indicators in coral reef waters it has been difficult to document the presence of microbial contaminants and to assign risks in these environments. Here we show initial evidence that microorganisms associated with human feces are concentrated along the surface of coral heads relative to the overlying water column in the Florida Keys. Bacterial indicators (fecal coliform bacteria, enterococci or Clostridium perfringens) were detected in 66.7% of the coral surface microlayer (CSM) samples at levels between five and 1000 CFU/100 ml, but were found infrequently and at low numbers in the overlying water column ( < or = 2.5 CFU/100 ml). Similarly, enterovirus nucleic acid sequences, an indicator of human-specific waste, were detected in 93.3% of the CSM samples and only once in the water column by cell culture. Results show that coral mucus may accumulate enteric microorganisms in reef environments, and may indicate a risk to public and environmental health despite low indicator levels in the surrounding water. 相似文献
5.
应用本实验室建立的趋化模型对海水鱼类寄生虫刺激隐核虫(Cryptocaryon irritans)的趋化特性进行研究。结果显示, 刺激隐核虫幼虫在30min时趋化达到饱和, 在温度28℃时趋化率达到最高; 多种硬骨鱼的血清与粘液对刺激隐核虫的幼虫都有着强烈的吸引作用, 刺激隐核虫幼虫对碳水化合物、氨基酸等小分子物质没有趋化作用; 在组织匀浆液中, 刺激隐核虫幼虫对肌肉匀浆液有一定的趋化作用, 对肝、肠、胃的匀浆液都没有趋化作用; 感染后鱼类血清对刺激隐核虫的幼虫有着更加强烈的吸引作用(P<0.01); 18种中草药中的五倍子、大黄、槟榔、苦楝、虎杖、贯众等6种中药草对刺激隐核虫的幼虫有一定的驱虫作用。本文的研究结果有助于深化对刺激隐核虫致病性的认识并对“白点病”的防治有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
6.
皱纹盘鲍是我国重要的增养殖贝类,近年来养殖产量增长迅速,但现有养殖群体仍存在抗逆性不足、底播增养殖低效等问题。个体身份的标记技术对于皱纹盘鲍人工选育中谱系记录,以及对于底播增殖效果的精准评估等均具有重要作用。采用金属挂片和塑料黏贴标签两种标记方法,比较了标记后皱纹盘鲍生理、生长存活、标记脱落率及被敌害捕食死亡等方面的差异。研究结果表明,与塑料黏贴标签标记和无标记对照相比,金属挂片标记对皱纹盘鲍标记早期生理包括出现黏液时间、心率变化等产生显著影响,对小规格皱纹盘鲍(壳长<3 cm)造成生长下降、死亡率高等影响,而对大规格皱纹盘鲍(壳长>3 cm)标记生成60 d后长时期的生长、存活以及逃避敌害均无显著影响;塑料黏贴标签标记方法与无标记对照组相比,均未对皱纹盘鲍造成显著影响。验证了皱纹盘鲍个体水平下两种标记方法的有效性及适用性,特别是对大规格苗种标记后生长、存活等性状无显著影响。研究结果将为皱纹盘鲍人工选育以及底播增养殖等工作提供有益指导。 相似文献
7.
Elke Allers Raeid M.M. Abed Laura M. Wehrmann Tao Wang Ann I. Larsson Autun Purser Dirk de Beer 《Marine pollution bulletin》2013
In laboratory experiments, the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa was exposed to settling particles. The effects of reef sediment, petroleum drill cuttings and a mix of both, on the development of anoxia at the coral surface were studied using O2, pH and H2S microsensors and by assessing coral polyp mortality. Due to the branching morphology of L. pertusa and the release of coral mucus, accumulation rates of settling material on coral branches were low. Microsensors detected H2S production in only a few samples, and sulfate reduction rates of natural reef sediment slurries were low (<0.3 nmol S cm−3 d−1). While the exposure to sediment clearly reduced the coral’s accessibility to oxygen, L. pertusa tolerated both partial low-oxygen and anoxic conditions without any visible detrimental short-term effect, such as tissue damage or death. However, complete burial of coral branches for >24 h in reef sediment resulted in suffocation. 相似文献
8.
褐牙鲆鳃丝Na+-K+-ATPase性质的研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
研究了褐牙鲆 (Paralichthysolivaceus)鳃丝Na K ATPase的性质。结果表明 :褐牙鲆鳃丝Na K ATPase活力随着反应温度、pH的增加均呈现峰值变化 ,其最适反应温度为 3 0~ 3 5℃ ,高于 40℃酶活力急剧下降 ,至 5 0℃酶失活 ,而最适pH为 7.5~ 8.0之间 ,pH <7.5或 >8.0时酶活力急剧下降 ,低于 6.0酶活则被完全抑制 ;在本试验设计的反应时间和底物浓度范围内 ,随着时间和底物浓度的增大 ,酶活力的变化均为逐渐升高 ,且上升趋势逐渐变缓 ;反应介质中Na ,K ,Mg2 的最适浓度分别为 180 ,3 0 ,6mmol/L ,并且当K 或Mg2 浓度为 0时 ,酶活力均接近于 0。抑制剂乌本苷对鳃丝Na K ATPase活力表现为显著性抑制 ,在乌本苷浓度为 2mmol/L时 ,酶活力完全被抑制。 相似文献
9.
利用免疫细胞化学法测定鱼类淋巴囊肿病毒(LCDV)滴度.以牙鲆鳃细胞系(FG)作为感染细胞,将生长旺盛的FG细胞接种于48孔培养板中培养至形成细胞单层,用2倍连续稀释的LCDV粗提液分别接种FG细胞.固定各稀释度LCDV感染后的FG细胞,孵育抗牙鲆LCDV单克隆抗体,其后再运用生物素-亲合素反应系统,以碱性磷酸酶底物APRed试剂盒发色.倒置显微镜观察,被病毒感染的FG细胞的细胞质呈现红色,未被感染细胞的细胞质呈无色.记录各稀释度病毒感染的阳性细胞孔数,按Reed-Muench法计算组织细胞培养半数感染量(TCID0).结果显示,免疫细胞化学法测得LCDV在FG的滴度为1.77×210 TCID50/mL.该法可以用来有效测定LCDV滴度,且结果直观、准确性较好,灵敏度较高. 相似文献
10.
鲈鱼苗烂鳃、烂尾病病原菌的研究 总被引:7,自引:2,他引:7
1997年4~5月,对花鲈(Lateolabraxjaponicus)鱼苗期细菌性烂鳃和烂尾病的病原菌进行了研究。从具有明显症状的病鱼的病灶组织分离到2株致病菌C-1和W-1,经人工感染及从人工感染发病鱼体再分离的W-4和W-5菌株的再感染试验结果表明,所分离的细菌为鲈鱼苗烂尾,烂鳃病的致病菌。经64项生物学特性,生理生化特征测试结果表明,这4株菌可归为一类,同属于鳗弧菌(Vibrioanguilarum)。药敏试验结果表明,痢特灵、CIN100、MEL25、呋喃妥因、氯霉素、磺胺药+TMP和美洛西林等7种药物对病原菌有显著的抑制作用。 相似文献