循化-贵德地区黄河水系河流纵剖面形态特征及其构造意义

青藏高原东北缘循化-贵德地区晚新生代构造活动强烈,同时晚新生代黄河的发育和演化也提供了研究高原构造隆升扩展以及黄河侵蚀下切过程的理想场所。黄河水系通过调整河流纵剖面的形态在垂向上响应不同的构造隆升以及河床岩性的变化。利用数字高程模型数据,提取黄河水系河流纵剖面形态,利用基岩河道河流水力侵蚀模型（stream-power incision model）为依托,尝试揭示晚新生代以来强烈构造活动在黄河水系河流纵剖面形态特征上的表现。分析发现,在循化-贵德地区岩性分布均匀的新生代盆地内部,黄河水系纵剖面在河流水力侵蚀模型坡度-面积双对数图解中大部分表现为上凸特征,即基岩河道的河床随时间的变化为正值,指示了基岩的隆升速率大于河流的下切侵蚀速率。在河流流经盆地内部不同岩性地区,特别是前新生界地层区,河流纵剖面也表现为一定的上凸特征,表明了新生界与前新生界地层岩性差异对河流纵剖面的控制作用。综合来看,青藏高原东北缘循化-贵德地区黄河水系河流纵剖面形态特征是晚新生代强烈构造活动和岩性差异共同控制的结果,揭示了循化-贵德地区造山系统地形发育仍然处于前均衡或接近均衡状态,同时也从侧面表明青藏高原东北缘地区是整个高原隆升扩展的最新和最前缘部位的时空格局特征。     

局域空间声速模型的建立方法研究

在多波束测深系统的数据处理中,声速剖面的代表性误差严重地影响着波束的声线跟踪精度,并造成比较大的深度计算误差。为了削弱该影响,利用实测声速剖面数据、温度与盐度剖面数据,采用两种方法分别建立了区域空间声速模型。实践验证了该方法的正确性和可行性。     

Rethinking the longitudinal stream temperature paradigm: region‐wide comparison of thermal infrared imagery reveals unexpected complexity of river temperatures

Prevailing theory suggests that stream temperature warms asymptotically in a downstream direction, beginning at the temperature of the source in the headwaters and levelling off downstream as it converges to match meteorological conditions. However, there have been few empirical examples of longitudinal patterns of temperature in large rivers due to a paucity of data. We constructed longitudinal thermal profiles (temperature vs distance) for 53 rivers in the Pacific Northwest (USA) using an extensive data set of remotely sensed summertime river temperatures and classified each profile into one of five patterns of downstream warming: asymptotic (increasing then flattening), linear (increasing steadily), uniform (not changing), parabolic (increasing then decreasing), or complex (not fitting other classes). We evaluated (1) how frequently profiles warmed asymptotically downstream as expected, and (2) whether relationships between river temperature and common hydroclimatic variables differed by profile class. We found considerable diversity in profile shape, with 47% of rivers warming asymptotically and 53% having alternative profile shapes. Water temperature did not warm substantially over the course of the river for coastal parabolic and uniform profiles, and for some linear and complex profiles. Profile classes showed no clear geographical trends. The degree of correlation between river temperature and hydroclimatic variables differed among profile classes, but there was overlap among classes. Water temperature in rivers with asymptotic or parabolic profiles was positively correlated with August air temperature, tributary temperature and velocity, and negatively correlated with elevation, August precipitation, gradient and distance upstream. Conversely, associations were less apparent in rivers with linear, uniform or complex profiles. Factors contributing to the unique shape of parabolic profiles differed for coastal and inland rivers, where downstream cooling was influenced locally by climate or cool water inputs, respectively. Potential drivers of shape for complex profiles were specific to each river. These thermal patterns indicate diverse thermal habitats that may promote resilience of aquatic biota to climate change. Without this spatial context, climate change models may incorrectly estimate loss of thermally suitable habitat. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国大陆Cs-137背景值研究

土壤侵蚀是关系人类生存与可持续发展的重大环境问题。20世纪60年代以来,Cs-137作为一种人工放射性示踪核素,被广泛应用于土壤侵蚀及堆积研究。而准确估算区域Cs-137背景值（Cs-137 Reference Inventory, CRI）是应用Cs-137开展土壤侵蚀研究的前提条件,其结果直接影响土壤侵蚀速率结果的准确性和可靠性。基于现有文献资料中获取的中国大陆102个CRI实测数据,以及全球降水气候中心提供的降水量再分析资料（空间分辨率2.5°×2.5°、0.5°×0.5°,1981-2010年）,在借鉴Walling & He模型（Walling & He Model, WHM）和Michio Aoyama模型（Michio Aoyama Model, MAM）的基础上,本文建立了中国大陆CRI修正模型（Modified CRI Model for the Mainland of China, MCM）,并利用Kriging/Cokriging插值方法计算了中国大陆CRI的空间分布。模型评估与对比分析表明,MCM模拟值与实测值大致吻合,且总体高于WHM和MAM模拟值,MCM能对中国大陆CRI进行较高分辨率、较高精度的模拟。模拟结果显示,中国大陆CRI的范围为141~12123 Bq/m²,在东北及新疆局部地区达到最大值,最小值主要集中于25°N以南地带。除新疆局部地区外,中国大陆CRI分布整体呈现自西向东,同纬度地区随降水量增加而增加的特点,而纬向上主要呈现随纬度增加而增加的特点。此外,大尺度大气流场、再悬浮过程、局部核试验等因素增加了中国大陆CRI分布的不均匀性。     

太湖ZS孔沉积记录的近50年来营养盐沉积通量变化

通过对太湖北部竺山湾沉积物(ZS孔)钻探,测试ZS孔沉积物~(210)Pb、~(137)Cs、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和粒度,研究近代太湖湖泊沉积物营养盐沉积通量变化。结果表明,ZS孔中~(137)Cs比活度较低(<15 Bq/kg),利用ZS孔~(137)Cs 1963年时标得到平均沉积速率为0.32 cm/a,与应用~(210)Pb的CRS模式获得的近50年来平均沉积速率一致,利用~(210)Pb的CRS模式计算出近50年来沉积通量为0.13～0.75 g·cm~(-2)·a~(-1)),结合沉积物中的TOC、TN和TP浓度,获取了营养盐沉积通量在垂向上的变化,结果显示,自20世纪80年代初以来,营养盐沉积通量明显增加,谊变化趋势与20世纪60年代以来的观测资料相符,有机磷的影响和人类活动被认为是造成近20年来TP沉积通量增加的原因。     

江苏条子泥岸滩剖面形态的时空异质性

在江苏条子泥岸滩选择3个典型剖面，对其进行了3a定期的观测，将所得剖面数据绘制成剖面形态曲线。通过对岸滩剖面形态的分析，发现3a来岸滩冲淤变化明显，岸滩剖面形态内部及其相互间都有变化，呈现不同的类型。探讨了其变化的机制，包括自然因素和人为因素。主要的研究结果将丰富人们对江苏条子泥近期岸滩及辐射沙洲演变的认识，为条子泥促淤并陆和海岸防护等工程提供科学依据。     

利用航磁资料分析研究古冲沟及其分布规律

利用对原始航空磁测资料进行处理后而得到的方向导数和磁性基岩深度图等资料 ,结合钻井与地质资料总结归纳出东营凹陷地区古冲沟分布的磁场解释标志 ,分析推断出研究区内的古冲沟分布规律。经与地震资料对比验证 ,其结论基本吻合 ,为油气田的进一步开发提供有利的勘探远景区 ,对推测其它区域的古冲沟分布起到很大的类比和外推作用。     

利用单多普勒雷达资料分析垂直面上二维流场和热力平流的两个例子

用单部多普勒雷达观测资料,使用Browning,Hobbs等人和Locattelli等人的方法,计算了冬季极地气团涡旋内中尺度雨带法向垂直面上的二维流场和热力平流。得到的结果定性地和雨带的存在及不同发展阶段一致,和探空仪观测的结果基本一致,但是在定量的意义上本文得到的垂直速度偏高,冷暖平流区也非全部一致。用不同的方法处理资料得到的二维流场有明显变化。     

渭北高原土地利用变化对土壤剖面发育的影响——以洛川-长武塬区耕地转为苹果园为例

在对渭北高原地区土地利用调研的基础上,选择6个耕作土壤剖面和8个苹果园土壤剖面为研究对象,通过对这些剖面的构型、质地、元素组成、理化性质和微形态的研究,分析了土地利用变化对土壤演化的影响和机理。结果表明,耕地转为苹果园后,土壤构型从Ap-Bc-A-Ck-C逐渐变为AB-(Bc)-A-Ck-C;土壤表层(0~35cm)的磁化率、有机质、常量元素(Si、Al、Fe、K、Mg、Ca、Na)和微量元素(Cu、Co、Ni、Zn、V、Cr、Pb、As)含量趋于增加,CaCO3含量和pH趋于降低;35~90cm,CaCO3含量趋于增加,而磁化率、有机质、常量元素和微量元素含量趋于降低;90cm深度以下土壤性质变化不大;土壤孔隙的数量减少而平均孔径和孔隙率增加,粘土矿物总含量增加,而残积粘土/淀积粘土比值降低,次生碳酸盐的空间位置从主要出现在0~35cm深度变为在0~90cm范围内普遍出现。这些表明土地利用方式从耕地改为苹果园,土壤剖面构型发生了明显分异,土壤性质的变化主要发生在90cm以上,土壤表层(0~35cm)的变化大于土壤下层(35~90cm)。     

Seismic stratigraphy of the quaternary Yellow River delta,Bohai Sea,eastern China

The upper 40 m of stratigraphy of the Yellow River (Huang He) subaqueous delta has been well documented, but the nature of the underlying strata is currently unknown at high-resolution. To address this deficiency we used a Geopulse seismic system to image shallow sedimentary deposits up to 120 m deep on the Yellow River delta. High-resolution seismic reflection images were processed with a series of specific techniques (e.g. swelling attenuation, dynamic s/n filter; f-x deconvolution, predictive deconvolution dipscan stack), and used with borehole data to investigate the Quaternary offshore sequences in the Yellow River (Huang He) delta. Repetitive sequences were observed and interpreted as containing layers of transgressive and regressive deposits. Six seismic transgressive and regressive cycles are identified. Unit M₆F–C₆F correlates with a relative sea-level rise (173–157 ka) and fall (231–173 ka), while Unit M₅F–C₅F is associated with a relative sea-level rise (124–100 ka) and fall (157–124 ka). Unit M₄F–C₄F spans a period of sea-level fall at 100–87 ka, followed by a rise at 87–76 ka. Unit M₃F–C₃F is a transgressive–regressive cycle dated as 76–58 ka. Unit M₂F–C₂F correlates with relative sea level fall at 58.2–36 ka and subsequent rise at 36–22 ka. Unit M₁F–C₁F was deposited during relative sea level fall (22–18 ka), followed by a rise, especially since 8.5 ka.