东昆仑断裂带东部塔藏断裂地震地表破裂特征及其构造意义

东昆仑断裂带作为青藏高原中东部的巴颜喀拉地块北缘边界断裂带, 研究其强震破裂行为对于认识断裂带活动性及分析川西北地区未来地震危险性具有重要意义。 通过沿断裂发育的大量断错地貌勘查、 典型微地貌DGPS测量及样品年代测定, 认为东昆仑断裂带向东的强震活动性延伸至若尔盖盆地北侧, 即东昆仑断裂带东部塔藏断裂的罗叉段。 此段在卫星影像上呈清晰的灰黑色、 灰黄色线性条带, 地震形变带主要表现为断层陡坎、 坡中谷、 冲沟和阶地位错、 植物异常呈线性分布、 跌水、 断层泉、 断塞塘以及伴随地表错动而出现的滑坡、 垮塌和倒石堆。 这些破裂现象沿先存断层断续分布, 组成长约50 km的“L”形地震形变带。 断裂活动造成冲沟和阶地左行运动, 位错量主要集中在5.5～6.0 m、 18～23 m、 68～75 m和200～220 m范围。 最近地震发生在(340±30)～(500±30)BP间, 宏观震中位于本多村西北5～7 km, 震级为M_W7.3左右, 同震位移最大值为6 m, 水平位错量为5.5～6.0 m, 垂直位错量一般为0.2～0.5 m, 其比例为51～101。 对地震形变带中的各种变形遗迹和地震地表破裂特征的研究表明, 塔藏断裂是这次地震的发震构造。 确定了塔藏断裂为全新世活动断层, 近期断层在压剪切作用控制下以左行运动为主, 兼有少量逆冲分量, 同东昆仑断裂带其他段的活动性质相似, 认为东昆仑断裂带延伸至若尔盖盆地北侧, 研究结果支持“大陆逃逸”模型。     

Evidence for Post-Metamorphic Metasomatism of High-Grade Orthogneisses from Sri Lanka

Here we discuss the post-metamorphic metasomatism of high-grade orthogneisses by studying granite-looking, pink-coloured microcline-bearing rocks exposed around Ambagaspitiya, Sri Lanka. These rocks are medium- to coarse-grained, and are more or less homogeneous, and isotropic. Textural, and petrographic analyses clearly show that these special rocks are neither deformed nor metamorphosed, and that they are not any kind of intrusive rocks. The present study shows that these rocks have formed through K-metasomatism of once intensely deformed, and metamorphosed granodiorite, tonalite, monzodiorite, and quartz monzodiorite. The modal compositions of most of these metasomatic rocks of Ambagaspitiya are very similar to those of syenite, quartz syenite, monzonite, quartz monzonite, and quartz monzodiorite.All the original metamorphic rocks — namely granitic gneiss, metagranite, metagranodiorite, metatonalite, metamonzodiorite, metaquartz monzodiorite, metadiorite, basic dikes, and metapelites — had undergone at least five ductile deformations, D₁ to D₅, and had been metamorphosed under upper amphibolite to granulite facies conditions prior to the metasomatism. Almost all the parent metamorphic rocks had acquired a well-developed gneissic foliation (S2), and had suffered at least two intense folding events (F₃, and F₅) before the metasomatism occurred. All the metamorphic, and deformational fabrics of affected metamorphic rocks have been completely or partially obliterated by the metasomatism. This indicates that the metasomatic process post-dates all ductile deformations (D₁ — D₅), and the regional metamorphism. Of the parent metamorphic rocks, metagranodiorite, metatonalite, metamonzodiorite, and metaquartz monzodiorite have undergone intense metasomatism. It is shown that the metasomatism has nucleated along late-stage, post-D₅ shear zones, which may form an interconnected network. Potassium-bearing metasomatic fluids, derived from a deep-seated K-rich source, may have migrated along these shear zones. The fluids which entered the shear zones have pervaded the orthogneisses through foliation planes, and along grain boundaries, and microcracks in minerals, transforming the host gneisses to metasomatic rocks. The main metasomatic transformation has taken place through the replacement of metamorphic plagioclase, and plagioclase-quartz by microcline, and through formation of myrmekite. Further studies are necessary to unravel the nature, composition, and the source of these late-stage K-rich fluids in the lower crust.     

Southern Granulite Terrain, South of the Palghat-Cauvery Shear Zone: Implications for India-Madagascar Connection

The present paper correlates the southern Madgascar terrain, south of the Ranotsara shear with the granulite terrain of southern India, occurring south of the Palghat-Cauvery (P-C) shear zone. Both the terrains have witnessed high temperature to ultra high temperature granulite metamorphism at 550 Ma and are traversed by shear zones and deep crustal faults. The 550 Ma old granulite terrains of Madagascar and southern India have similar lithologies, in particular, sapphirine bearing pelitic assemblages. Graphite deposits and gem occurrences are common to both these terrains. The 550 Ma old southern granulite terrain of southern India comprises of different blocks, the Madurai and the Kerala Khondalite belt, but all the blocks have similar lithologies with pelite—calc silicate rocks inter-banded with two pyroxene granulite bodies. These lithologies occur amidst an essentially charnockitic terrain. The protolith ages of the southern granulite terrain, south of the P-C shear zone ranges between 2400–2100 Ma. The terrain as a whole has witnessed the 550 Ma old granulite event. The granulite metamorphism took place under temperatures of 800–1000°C and at pressures of 9.5 to 5 Kbar.The source of heat for the high temperature granulite event of the southern Madagascar terrain has been linked to advective heat transfer along mantle deep faults. The source for the high temperature granulite metamorphism for the southern granulite terrain may be attributed to high temperature carbonatite and alkaline intrusives in an extensional setting which followed an initial crustal thickening.Many workers have linked Madagascar to southern India by connecting the Ranotsara shear either to the P-C shear zone or to the Achankovil shear zone, further south. The important factor is the lithologies of the Madagascar terrain, south of Ranotsara shear zone and the 550 Ma. old southern Indian granulite terrain are similar in many aspects. It will be more appropriate to link the Ranotsara shear to the curvilinear lineament bounding the Anaimalai-Kodaikanal ranges and which merges with the southern margin of the P-C shear zone.However, north of the Ranotsara shear/fault, the northern Madagascar terrain comprises of a dominant Itremo sequence (< 1850 Ma) and 780 Ma old calc-alkaline intrusives. The latter have similarities with that of Aravallis and the Sirohi, Malani sequences occurring further north east. The Rajasthan terrain has witnessed igneous intrusive activity at 1000–800 Ma. If we can broaden the area of investigations and include the above areas, the Madagascar-India connection can be better understood.     

白鹤滩水电站层间错动带工程地质特性

白鹤滩水电站层间错动带结构松散、水理性质不良、力学性质差且延展范围广,是地下空间围岩体中的弱结构面,控制围岩体的变形破坏。在大量地质勘探及室内试验研究资料基础上,将白鹤滩工程区的层间错动带划分为节理带、劈理带和泥化带,有利于其力学特性的研究;在分类的基础之上,研究了C2、C4层间错动带中不同带区的形成模式、宏微观结构特征、矿物成分、水理性质以及剪切力学特性等主要工程地质问题,认为白鹤滩层间错动带主要是构造成因,不同带区在黏土矿物含量、微观结构以及水理性质等方面差异明显,错动带的剪切位移曲线整体呈理想弹塑性特征;分析了施工期层间错动带的地质特性对工程岩体的影响,含层间错动带围岩体主要存在3种破坏形式：块体塌落、剪切滑移与渗透破坏。     

全球洋中脊系统的构造特征及其运动学意义

本文将全球洋中脊系统作为研究整体,根据洋中脊的全球分布、运动学特征及其初始形成时与泛大陆的构造几何关系,将全球现今的洋中脊系统划分为内、外支洋中脊。外支洋中脊为探索者洋中脊-太平洋洋隆-东南印度洋中脊-西北印度洋中脊,起源于泛大洋及冈瓦纳大陆内部;内支洋中脊为西南印度洋中脊-大西洋中脊-北冰洋加科尔洋中脊,起源于泛大陆内部。两者之间通过俯冲带、转换断层以及弥散性板块边界实现全球板块构造在运动上的平衡,并保持地球的球形几何形态恒定。外支洋中脊在全球板块构造上造成泛大洋缩减,并持续被太平洋取代,直接推动了环太平洋俯冲带的形成;内支洋中脊造成大西洋盆、印度洋盆中生代以来持续扩张。中生代以来,外支洋中脊和内支洋中脊共同作用引起非洲板块、印度澳大利亚板块向北运动,新特提斯洋盆关闭,形成特提斯(阿尔卑斯山-喀尔巴阡山-扎格罗斯山-喜马拉雅山)碰撞造山带,并通过洋中脊扩张平衡了相关的岩石圈缩短。     

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系锶同位素地球化学特征

对于鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩锶同位素的研究主要集中于成岩作用识别与划分。本次以盆地内中东部陕北坳陷镇钾1井马家沟组五段(以下简称马五段)以及盆地西缘桌子山地区三道坎组—桌子山组为研究对象,首次报道了未经成岩作用影响的碳酸盐岩的锶同位素数据,基于锶同位素地层学原理,试图恢复该沉积期古环境特征并对奥陶纪地层格架进行再讨论,共获得了如下几点认识:①镇钾1井马五段锶同位素自下而上以反复震荡、整体上略微增加为特征,震荡周期与蒸发岩韵律相吻合。桌子山地区三道坎组—桌子山组锶同位素以小幅波动为特征,整体上呈现出单调递减趋势。②马家沟组的地质年代归属于中奥陶世达瑞威尔中—晚期,而三道坎组—桌子山组的地质年代早于马家沟组,为中奥陶世达瑞威尔早—中期。③镇钾1井马五段处于局限台地-蒸发台地的沉积背景下,其锶同位素与全球演化曲线特征存在差异,说明了在该沉积背景下锶同位素对古环境变化反应更为敏感,能够成为区域古环境分析的重要指标。桌子山地区三道坎组—桌子山组由于处于开阔台地-缓坡的沉积背景下,与全球锶同位素演化曲线拟合度较高。为进一步研究鄂尔多斯盆地的沉积及构造差异提供了新依据,本次研究为全球锶同位素曲线提供了新的基础资料。     

辽阳区域地震活动断层相关性分析

在研究辽阳区域地质概况、区域内主要断裂带及活动性、区域地震活动的基础上,重点调查了对辽阳城区有影响的太子河等几条断裂带,并预测其潜在地震最大震级,为辽阳市区域城市规划和建设提供科学依据。     

中国农田土壤有机碳贮量变化预测

基于遥感反演的1988年与2000年土地利用数据、土地动态模拟系统(DLS)模拟的2012年与2020年全国栅格尺度的耕地分布数据及我国农业综合区划结果,应用CENTURY模型估算了中国1988~2020年农田土壤有机碳贮量时空变化规律,分析了1988~2000年、2000~2012年与2012~2020年三个时段中国农田土壤有机碳贮量变化情况。研究结果表明,1988~2000年全国大部分地区的农田土壤有机碳贮量呈增长态势;而2000~2012年全国农田土壤有机碳贮量将出现一定幅度的下降;2012~2020年间,虽然全国范围内的农田土壤有机碳贮量仍表现为下降趋势,但下降幅度较2000~2012年间显著减少。研究结果还表明,我国九大农业生态区的农田土壤有机碳贮量变化具有显著的时空分异特征。     

Functional diversity of fish and invertebrates in coral and rocky reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific

To define the functional groups of fish and macroinvertebrates in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP), visual censuses were performed in 18 areas of four biogeographic provinces: Cortés, Mexican, Panamic and Oceanic Islands. A total of 257 fish and macroinvertebrate species were recorded, and from them, 27 morpho‐functional groups (MFGs) were constructed on the basis of trophic level, maximum size, taxonomy and morphology. Biomass, richness, diversity and evenness of MFGs were calculated for each province and compared statistically; a regression analysis between taxonomic and functional diversity was conducted to observe the relationship between these two indicators. There were significant differences in all ecological indices (p < .002), highlighting the high biomass and richness of MFGs in the Cortés and Oceanic Islands provinces (>400 g/m²), associated with the influence of cold currents in the northernmost region and less fishing pressure in protected areas. A decreasing pattern of MFG richness towards the tropics was observed, which demonstrates that in the ETP, the relationship between habitat heterogeneity and species diversity has been translated into functional complexity. The Mexican province was the most functionally diverse (biomass well distributed in the MFG; H′ = 0.46 ± 0.009). Related to this, it is predicted that biomass is biased towards certain functional groups (i.e., large carnivores), which shows that the H′ index of the MFG is not a good indicator of the conservation status of ETP reefs. Finally, regression analysis suggests that functional diversity increases at low species diversity but eventually reaches an asymptote (almost all possible functions are represented).     

Origin of the saline paleofluids in fault-damage zones of the Jabal Qusaybah Anticline (Adam Foothills,Oman): Constraints from fluid inclusions geochemistry

The Jabal Qusaybah Anticline, in north Oman, is affected by syn-folding strike-slip and extensional fault zones developed during foreland deformation ahead of the Northern Oman Mountains thrust wedge, in Cenozoic times. Migration of fluids in fault-damage zones is recorded in complex calcite vein networks. By employing the microthermometric and compositional microanalysis of the fluid inclusions (crush-leach), two distinct generations of veins have been studied. The aim was to determine the source of elevated salinity in fluids involved in their cementation and explain their compositional evolution through fluid-rock interactions. The ionic ratios (Na/Br and Cl/Br) obtained from crush-leach analysis give supporting evidence that the elevated salinity of fluid inclusions in both vein groups originated from an evaporated seawater beyond the onset of halite precipitation (residual brines). The results reveal a gradual increase in salinity of the fluids, F/Cl molar ratios, as well as Li/Cl molar ratios. These results imply the progressively increasing contribution of evaporitic residual brines and fluids that interacted with, or were derived from siliciclastic rocks. We suggest that the most likely origin of the former fluids is provided by residual brines associated with precipitation of the Ara evaporites (Cambrian). The regional driving mechanism for such a significant fluid migration is believed to be compaction-driven upward flow that was channeled into faults and fractures during major deformational events.