探空气球漂移特征及对三角形法计算散度的影响

利用2006—2013年南京站、安庆站和杭州站探空资料,讨论华东地区探空气球的漂移特征。设计不考虑气球漂移、考虑全部气球漂移和考虑部分气球漂移3个试验,比较3种情况下三角形法计算的散度差异。结果表明:气球漂移主要受大气环流及其变化影响,纬向上7月和8月气球随高度增加,先向东漂移、后向西漂移,其他月份以向东漂移为主,冬季漂移距离大;经向上受季风影响明显。考虑全部和部分气球漂移与不考虑气球漂移的散度对比表明,平均绝对偏差各月在对流层顶附近均有极大值;相对偏差季节分布明显,前者在6—9月较大,极大值略大于7%,后者冬季大,1月在200 hPa达到25%,在50 hPa超过50%。因此,利用三角形法计算散度所在层次较高或所使用资料中传统探空和特种探空并存时,均需考虑气球漂移影响。     

KSS31海洋重力仪的长期零点漂移特征

通过对两套德国生产的KSS31海洋重力仪十多年来的零点漂移变化观测数据的整理,分析了长期以来零点漂移特征及其影响因素。本文认为缓慢的正向漂移是海洋重力仪零点漂移之总体趋势,其中会出现一些正负的波动,而大的零点漂移波动往往对应着设备状态出现的大变化。建议在海洋重力仪的搬运、重新安装之后需加强监测;重力仪的恒温系统需长期保持工作状态;最后认为长期对海洋重力仪的零点漂移保持跟踪,对于海洋重力仪的维护、使用以及测量资料的精度保证十分必要。     

地球磁场的西向漂移

西向漂移是地球主磁场长期变化最重要的特点之一，任何一个成功的地磁场起源理论都反能否合理地解释西漂作为检验标准之一。本文简要回顾地磁场西漂硬件历史，对计算西漂的各种方法和结果作了对比分析，对这些方法的物理依据，特点及局限性进行了讨论。     

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闭环极点与开环零极点的一种关系式

根据控制系统的特征方程和开环传递函数的关系 ,推导出闭环极点与开环零极点之间的关系式 ,并举例说明其应用 ,该公式简单且具有通用性和实用性。     

Composition,export and faunal utilization of drift vegetation in the salt river submarine canyon

Submarine canyons may be particularly important in the transport process of drift seagrasses and seaweeds from highly productive shallow lagoon areas to deeper water. We studied the composition, export, and faunal utilization of shallow, nearshore benthic vegetation as it was transported to offshore areas via the Salt River submarine canyon on the island of St Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. The study was conducted using a saturation diving system (NULS-1: Hydrolab) during two missions in April and August, 1980. Using bottom drifters deployed in Salt River Bay and the submarine canyon, we recorded net benthic current flow up to 2 cm s^?1 moving out of the lagoon and down the canyon to deeper water. Using bottom nets set up at the canyon head and at the 29 m isobar, and from transect surveys and drift clump samples, we determined drift plant export rates and drift clump biomass and species composition. The dominant drift plants were Thalassia testudinum and Syringodium filiforme and algae in the genera Dictyota, Dictyopterus, and Diloplus. During the second mission, the seagrass Halophila decipiens became more abundant, both in the drift and in large patches along the canyon floor. In both missions, more drift was collected in the nets during high wind conditions than during calmer days. Calculated turnover times ranged from 0·01 to 4·4 days for algae in the order Dictyotales and 4·4 to 18 days for Thalassia blades. Total exported biomass of drift vegetation varied between 1·4 to 65·1 kg wet wt day^?1. Samples of drift vegetation contained mostly juvenile forms of both invertebrates and fishes, but in relatively low numbers. Faunal numbers were most strongly related to rate of drift movement.     

Coupled HM analysis using zero‐thickness interface elements with double nodes. Part I: Theoretical model

In recent years, the authors have proposed a new double‐node zero‐thickness interface element for diffusion analysis via the finite element method (FEM) (Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech. 2004; 28 (9): 947–962). In the present paper, that formulation is combined with an existing mechanical formulation in order to obtain a fully coupled hydro‐mechanical (or HM) model applicable to fractured/fracturing geomaterials. Each element (continuum or interface) is formulated in terms of the displacements (u) and the fluid pressure (p) at the nodes. After assembly, a particular expression of the traditional ‘u–p’ system of coupled equations is obtained, which is highly non‐linear due to the strong dependence between the permeability and the aperture of discontinuities. The formulation is valid for both pre‐existing and developing discontinuities by using the appropriate constitutive model that relates effective stresses to relative displacements in the interface. The system of coupled equations is solved following two different numerical approaches: staggered and fully coupled. In the latter, the Newton–Raphson method is used, and it is shown that the Jacobian matrix becomes non‐symmetric due to the dependence of the discontinuity permeability on the aperture. In the part II companion paper (Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech. 2008; DOI: 10.1002/nag.730 ), the formulation proposed is verified and illustrated with some application examples. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Errors of kinematic wave and diffusion wave approximations for time‐independent flows with infiltration and momentum exchange included

Error equations for kinematic wave and diffusion wave approximations were derived for time‐independent flows on infiltrating planes and channels under one upstream boundary and two downstream boundary conditions: zero flow at the upstream boundary, and critical flow depth and zero depth gradient at the downstream boundary. These equations specify error in the flow hydrograph as a function of space. The diffusion wave approximation was found to be in excellent agreement with the dynamic wave approximation, with errors below 2% for values of KF (e.g. KF ≥ 7·5), where K is the kinematic wave number and F is the Froude number. Even for small values of KF (e.g. KF = 2·5), the errors were typically less than 3%. The accuracy of the diffusive approximation was greatly influenced by the downstream boundary condition. For critical flow depth downstream boundary condition, the error of the kinematic wave approximation was found to be less than 10% for KF ≥ 7·5 and greater than 20% for smaller values of KF. This error increased with strong downstream boundary control. The analytical solution of the diffusion wave approximation is adequate only for small values of K. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Finite element formulation for poroelastic problem with zero effective stress boundary condition

Zero effective stress boundary condition along with constant fluid flux is commonly encountered in geotechnical applications such as uncased borehole stability, fluid injection and production at an uncased borehole, hydraulic fracturing and sand production. This complex boundary condition introduces high nonlinearity in the numerical simulation. Conventional iterative methods such as Newton–Raphson method are required to solve this nonlinear problem iteratively, which involve huge computing time and also pose numerical difficulties on the convergence. To overcome this numerical difficulty and hence reduce the computing time, a novel numerical technique is proposed in this paper. Its performance is evaluated using a numerical example simulating fluid injection around an uncased borehole. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

莺歌海海域漂移物漂移特征分析

表面海流和海面风在海上漂浮物漂移运动中起着至关重要的作用,但遗憾的是风和表面流在漂移运动的贡献系数并没有得到一致认可,因此本文以2011年南海部际联合海上搜救演习内部演习为例,根据海表面海流、海面风等海洋要素的实测资料,综合对漂移物的漂移特征进行分析,并对风、表面流的作用进行初步探讨。分析结果表明:风对不同类型漂移物的影响有着较大的差异,根据风和表面流与实际轨迹的拟合关系来看,人体模型和救生筏的风压漂移系数分别为0.01和0.07,而表面流在漂移物的漂移贡献系数均为1.0。