Continental drift,plateau uplift,and the evolutions of monsoon and arid regions in Asia,Africa, and Australia during the Cenozoic

Monsoon and arid regions in the Asia-Africa-Australia(A-A-A) realm occupy more than 60% of the total area of these continents. Geological evidence showed that significant changes occurred to the A-A-A environments of the monsoon and arid regions, the land-ocean configuration in the Eastern Hemisphere, and the topography of the Tibetan Plateau(TP) in the Cenozoic. Motivated by this background, numerical experiments for 5 typical geological periods during the Cenozoic were conducted using a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model to systemically explore the formations and evolutionary histories of the Cenozoic A-A-A monsoon and arid regions under the influences of continental drift and plateau uplift. Results of the numerical experiments indicate that the timings and causes of the formations of monsoon and arid regions in the A-A-A realm were very different. The northern and southern African monsoons existed during the mid-Paleocene, while the South Asian monsoon appeared in the Eocene after the Indian Subcontinent moved into the tropical Northern Hemisphere. In contrast, the East Asian monsoon and northern Australian monsoon were established much later in the Miocene. The establishment of the tropical monsoons in northern and southern Africa, South Asia, and Australia were determined by both the continental drift and seasonal migration of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone(ITCZ), while the position and height of the TP were the key factor for the establishment of the East Asian monsoon. The presence of the subtropical arid regions in northern and southern Africa,Asia, and Australia depended on the positions of the continents and the control of the planetary scale subtropical high pressure zones, while the arid regions in the Arabian Peninsula and West Asia were closely related to the retreat of the Paratethys Sea. The formation of the mid-latitude arid region in the Asian interior, on the other hand, was the consequence of the uplift of the TP.These results from this study provide insight to the important roles played by the earth's tectonic boundary conditions in the formations and evolutions of regional climates during geological times.     

一种改进的基于逆Omega-K算法的海面场景SAR原始数据仿真方法

合成孔径雷达(SAR)海面场景原始数据仿真是研究海洋动力参数(表面波浪、风矢量和洋流)的有效工具。目前海面场景原始数据仿真方法已经基于逆Omega-K算法实现了海洋运动参数的空间变化。但是目前仅仅讨论了正侧视情况下的海面场景仿真,应用范围有限,同时没有考虑Stokes漂流以及Bragg相速度的影响,而这两者都是存在于真实海面的。通常情况下为了反演得到海面流场的二维速度矢量,雷达需要从两个不同的方位方向观察海面的同一个区域,因此这就需要考虑大斜视的雷达波束,同时Stokes漂流和Bragg相速度是SAR海表面流场观测不容忽视的两种运动。本文在不改变原有正侧视逆Omega-K算法的情况下,通过增加重新计算零方位时刻的斜视波束中心位置坐标,并据此确定SAR原始数据在多普勒域的位置来将其扩展到大斜侧视逆Omega-K算法,并通过时域Stokes漂流公式到频域内离散化Stokes漂流公式的推导来加入Stokes漂流,以及根据Bragg散射机制加入了Bragg相速度。仿真结果表明,经过聚焦成像后的SAR图像很好的体现了真实海面波浪场的形状,同时能够很好地反演出设定的雷达径向流场速度,且流速精度误差控制在6%以内。最后也证明了Bragg相速度以及Stokes漂流对于海面流场的影响不可忽视。     

台风过程中浪致Stokes漂流对海洋上层温度影响的数值模拟

Stokes漂流对海洋上层温度变化具有重要影响。本文以"麦德姆(Matmo)"台风过程为例,基于浪流耦合模型,通过对比分析考虑和未考虑Stokes漂流的模拟结果,研究了台风过程中浪致Stokes漂流及其效应对海洋上层温度变化的影响。研究表明Stokes漂流及其效应与海浪大小的分布密切相关,海浪越大, Stokes漂流、Stokes输运和Ekman-Stokes数相对越大。Stokes漂流在台风过程中起降低海表面温度的作用,台风路径处的Stokes漂流及其效应较大,降温较明显,最大降温约2°C。产生降温的原因是Stokes漂流造成海表流场改变,以及Stokes输运引起海水辐散等作用加强了上下层海水质量和能量的交换。利用Argo资料进行验证,发现考虑了Stokes漂流作用的海洋上层温度模拟结果与Argo测量结果更接近。     

联合星地与星间Ka伪距的北斗三号卫星一体化定轨和时间同步

北斗三号卫星之间及卫星与锚固站之间在Ka频段的伪距测量为其提供了一种不依赖于地面监测站的独立定轨和时间同步能力。本文针对星间链路分时测量的特点,采用分段一次多项式对卫星钟差进行建模,直接利用原始的星地和星间单程Ka伪距实现一体化定轨和时间同步并同时解算锚固站设备硬件时延。利用北斗三号8颗卫星和2个锚固站的实测Ka伪距数据进行验证,结果表明:在利用导航电文的预报钟速信息进行修正的情况下,星间Ka伪距残差RMS为0.052 m;R方向卫星轨道确定和预报精度(RMS)分别为0.016、0.033 m;卫星钟差估计和预报精度(95%)分别为0.038、0.992 ns;解算得到的锚固站收发设备时延之和的稳定性优于0.5 ns。试验还展示了该方法的适应能力:在没有预报钟速信息的极端情况下,虽然星间Ka伪距残差RMS增大了242%,但R方向轨道确定和预报精度仍分别达到0.021、0.041 m,钟差估计和预报精度分别达到0.040、1.092 ns。     

热力学效应及斯托克斯漂流对混合层影响的研究

本文通过理想化的外部强迫以及海洋站点实测数据驱动普林斯顿海洋模式来研究海洋热力学效应和斯托克斯漂流对上混合层数值模拟的影响。在Mellor-Yamada湍流闭合方案中,经常出现夏季海表面温度偏暖和混合层深度偏浅的模拟误差。实验表明,斯托克斯漂流在冬季和夏季均能增强湍流动能,加深混合层深度。这种效应可以改善夏季的模拟结果,但与观测数据相比,将增大冬季混合层深度的模拟误差。斯托克斯漂流可以通过增强湍动能来加深混合层深度。结果表明,将斯托克斯漂流与冷皮层和暖层对上部混合层的热效应相结合,可以正确地模拟混合层深度。在夏季,海洋冷皮层和暖层通过“阻挡结构”和双温跃层结构模拟出更真实的上混合层变化。在冬季,海洋热力学效应通过增强上层海洋层结平衡了斯托克斯漂流的影响,并且由斯托克斯漂流引起的过度混合被校正。     

柴达木盆地风况及输沙势特征

利用柴达木盆地13个气象站的风资料,分析了盆地风况和输沙势的变化特征。结果表明：（1）盆地年平均风速2.0~4.4 m·s^-1,自盆地南、北边缘山地到盆地中部逐渐降低。盆地西部主风向为偏西风,风向较集中;东部主风向为偏东风,风向较分散。（2）盆地年平均起沙风速7.0~8.2 m·s^-1,起沙风频率5.1%~26.1%,主要发生在冬、春季,风向以WNW和W为主。（3）盆地输沙势34.0~462.3 VU,盆地西北部属于高风能环境,中部及东南部属于低-中风能环境,方向变率0.45~0.91,风况为窄单峰或宽单峰风况,盆地西北部和东南部差异较大,东部德令哈站与其他地区的合成输沙势方向相反。     

青海湖东岸沙地风沙活动特征

风况、输沙势和输沙量是评价区域风沙活动特征的重要指标。以青海湖东岸的克土沙区为研究区域,利用2013-2014年和2016-2017年风速风向数据及全方位集沙仪的集沙数据,比较分析本区的风沙活动特征。结果表明：（1）2013-2014年,研究区平均风速为2.79 m·s^-1,起沙风出现频率为6.76%;2016-2017年,研究区平均风速为2.63 m·s^-1,起沙风出现频率为6.13%;（2）起沙风风向均以WSW-WNW和ESE-SSE两个方向为主,偏西方向的起沙风增加而东南方向起沙风减少;（3）输沙势季节变化特征基本一致,均表现为春季输沙势最大,夏季输沙势最小;从输沙势年变化趋势来看,本区总体上属于低风能环境;（4）输沙量差异显著,2016-2017年观测点的输沙量比2013-2014年少77.18 kg,但输沙量分布的方向基本一致。植被盖度增加是输沙量减少的主要原因。     

三种国际主流的北极卫星遥感冰速产品评估和分析

冰速是海冰的重要参数,但是受资料长度限制,对卫星遥感冰速产品进行系统比较和评估的研究还较少。利用2009年—2017年国际北极浮标计划（IABP）浮标冰速数据,较系统地评估了不同时间间隔的遥感反演冰速产品在北冰洋内区和弗拉姆海峡附近海区的表现。结果显示,对北冰洋内区而言,1 d间隔的美国国家雪冰数据中心（NSIDC）遥感冰速冬季误差整体大于夏季,冬季高估了波弗特海南部海冰向西的运动,低估了从喀拉海流向格陵兰岛北部的穿极流。对于5种2 d间隔冰速产品而言,产品精度不完全取决于源数据空间分辨率的高低,反演算法的改进和数据融合均能提高冰速的精度,均方根误差大小的顺序是OSISAF-Merged <OSISAF-AMSR <Ifremer-AMSR <OSISAF-SSM < OSISAF-ASCAT。对于4种使用相同反演算法的3 d间隔的冰速产品,产品的均方根误差取决于源数据分辨率,空间分辨率最高的Ifremer-AMSR冰速均方根误差最小。比较不同种类、不同时间间隔冰速的月平均均方根误差后可知,采用3 d间隔反演的冰速由于能够忽略更多短时间尺度海冰运动,其冰速均方根误差低于2 d间隔的冰速。在弗拉姆海峡,除Ifremer-AMSR外,其余冰速产品均具有较大的经向偏差和均方根误差。在冰速较快弗拉姆海峡,冰速产品均方根误差取决于源数据的分辨率。     

A quasi-cloaking phenomenon to reduce the wave drift force on an array of adjacent floating bodies

The mooring of offshore floating structures, such as offshore platforms, in large waves against drift forces and rotational moments is a challenging problem in offshore engineering. To accurately investigate such problems, called positioning problems, the time-averaged steady forces of the second order known as the wave drift forces must be taken into account. Fortunately, a cloaking phenomenon occurs under certain conditions and dramatically reduces the wave drift force acting on such a floating body, as previously reported by several researchers. In the diffraction problem of water waves, cloaking refers to the condition where there is no scattering in the form of radial outgoing waves. The reduction of wave drift force on a truncated cylinder with the occurrence of cloaking phenomenon has been numerically and experimentally confirmed. In this paper, the arrangement of several small circular cylinders at regular intervals in a circle concentric with a fixed floating body is considered as an effective means of reducing the wave drift force. Using a combination of a higher-order boundary element method (HOBEM) and wave interaction theory, the influences of the geometric parameters of the outer surrounding cylinders on the wave drift force and the total scattered-wave energy are systematically investigated and discussed. A quasi-cloaking phenomenon is first found and reported in the present study, which is beneficial and flexible for application in practical engineering. More than one quasi-cloaking trigger (where a trigger is an occurrence condition) can be found simply by varying the distance between the inner and outer floating bodies.     

CG-5重力仪零漂稳定性评估

对4台购于不同时期的CG-5重力仪进行零漂稳定性分析,提出运用拟合直线相关系数来评估仪器的静态零漂稳定性,以及运用平均动态零漂率来评估仪器的动态零漂稳定性。数据处理结果证明,该方法能有效地评估CG-5重力仪的零漂稳定性特征。