Effects of wind input and wave dissipation formulations on the steady Ekman current solution

The effects of different wind input and wave dissipation formulations on the steady Ekman current solution are described. Two formulations are considered： one from the wave modeling （WAM） program proposed by Hasselmann and Komen and the other provided by Tsagareli and Babanin. The solution adopted for our study was presented by Song for the wave-modified Ekman current model that included the Stokes drift, wind input, and wave dissipation with eddy viscosity increasing linearly with depth. Using the Combi spectrum with tail effects, the solutions are calculated using two formulations for wind input and wave dissipation, and compared. Differences in the results are not negligible. Furthermore, the solution presented by Song and Xu for the eddy viscosity formulated using the K-Profile Parameterization scheme under wind input and wave dissipation given by Tsagareli and Babanin is compared with that obtained for a depth-dependent eddy viscosity. The solutions are further compared with the available well-known observational data. The result indicates that the Tsagareli and Babanin scheme is more suitable for use in the model when capillary waves are included, and the solution calculated using the K-Profile Parameterization scheme agrees best with observations.     

陀螺定向中几个常见问题的应用分析

文章就陀螺定向应用过程中,如何减少定向时间、节省电量、保证定向精度等几个常见问题进行了分析,主要从仪器常数的稳定性、零位改正、粗定向简化几方面着手,通过实验测试,分析了仪器常数的特性、零位改正的规范要求与应用、粗定向简化的方案,并对本文中提出的方法结合工程实际进行验证,结果表明,能够加快作业速度、提高定向效率.     

利用最冷目标地物替代法计算Jason-2微波辐射计的年度漂移

本文研究最冷目标地物替代法计算Jason-2微波辐射计JMR年度漂移。针对Jason-2卫星微波辐射计(JMR),利用微波辐射计传输模型,建立JMR 3个通道的全球最低亮温观测值的理论计算模型,模拟其3通道全球地物观测最冷亮温;基于2008年—2012年Jason-2地球物理数据(GDR)产品中全球对地观测亮温序列和模型计算的最冷亮温,建立亮温序列的最小观测亮温统计模型,查找全球地物观测最冷亮温序列;根据地物年度变化特性,建立光谱分析模型,去除最冷亮温序列的年度谐波;去除年度谐波后,采用线性拟合的方法外推最冷亮温序列的理论最小值,并据此计算Jason-2微波辐射计仪器的年度漂移量。     

Zero Tolerance in Latin America: Punitive Paradox in Urban Policy Mobilities

In Latin America, high levels of crime have prompted many politicians to embrace zero tolerance policing in order to quell public fears. While the overall impacts on urban crime are debatable, zero tolerance in the region has morphed into a powerful policy narrative that symbolizes strong leaders who crack down crime and disorder. Its impacts have been far-reaching; to date, it has been implemented in various guises in Mexico, Brazil, Ecuador, Venezuela, Chile, Argentina, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala and the Dominican Republic. Yet, the policy transfer of zero tolerance to Latin America has mutated into a much more punitive approach. In this paper, I develop a critical analysis of the punitive inequalities of zero tolerance policing in Latin American cities, and the consequences for marginalized and racialized youth. I also explore the emergence of a new, unexpected consequence of zero tolerance: the South-North migration of undocumented people.     

Factors influencing the calculation of periodic secondary circulation in a tidal river: numerical modelling of the lower Sacramento River,USA

Secondary circulation is the component of three‐dimensional (3D) flow in river channels perpendicular to the primary flow direction. Secondary circulation calculated from acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) transects is sensitive to the calculation method and is affected by the transect angle relative to the mean flow direction and variations in the flow direction along a transect. To quantify bounds on transect alignment relative to river flow for field data collection and examine tidal time‐scale variability in secondary circulation, the 3D hydrodynamic model UnTRIM was applied to simulate the hydrodynamics in the lower reach of the Sacramento River (CA, USA). Secondary circulation was calculated using the Rozovskii and the zero net discharge methods on repeated transects extracted from the model results in regions of both relatively uniform and complex flows. When the depth‐averaged flow direction along a transect varied by more than about 5 °, occurring when the transect was as little as 10 to 20 ° out of normal to the mean flow direction, the Rozovskii method produced more realistic secondary circulation than the zero net discharge method. Analysis indicated that ADCP transects should be within 20 ° of perpendicular to the mean flow direction when calculating secondary circulation. Secondary circulation strength around two tidally influenced bends generally increased with increasing flow and broke down near slack water. However, the strength of the secondary circulation was not only a function of the flow magnitude, but also depended on the direction of the water flow and the transect location relative to the river curvature, which varied with the tidal flow direction. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地磁方位标志的稳定性与磁偏角观测精度的研究

地磁台是产出连续完整、准确可靠的地球磁场变化数据的场所。而对某测点地球磁场的描述是以磁偏角D、磁倾角I、总强度F、水平强度H、北向强度X、西向强度Y、垂直强度Z等七要素为依据。其中只需直接测定3个独立量,如D、H、Z或DI、、F等组合,则其它量可通过数学关系求得。特别是,磁偏角D在观测中非常重要。本文对静海地磁台改造后连续7年(2002~2008年)的观测记录资料,进行了认真整理和细致研究,研究了标志的漂移对观测值D的影响,说明了观测标志稳定的重要性。     

位场垂向导数零值位置空间变化规律研究(英文)

本文推导了简单规则形体(单一边界、双边界和多边界)重力异常垂向一阶导数和重力异常垂向二阶导数零值位置的解析表达式,并研究了其空间变化规律;对难以得到其零值位置解析表达式的简单规则形体,利用其剖面图和断面图上的零值位置来研究其空间变化规律。研究结果表明,重力异常垂向二阶导数与重力异常垂向一阶导数零值位置的空间变化规律基本一致,只是重力异常垂向二阶导数零值位置比重力异常垂向一阶导数的零值位置更靠近地质体上顶面边缘位置,且其分辨能力更强。对于单边界模型,随着埋深的增加,重力异常垂向导数的零值位置均自形体上顶边缘位置向外侧偏移,但最终均能收敛于某一固定值;对于双边界模型,随着埋深的增加,重力异常垂向导数的零值位置自形体上顶边缘位置一直向外侧偏移;对于多边界模型,随着埋深的增加,重力异常垂向导数零值位置自形体上顶边缘位置向外侧收敛,部分边界的零值位置重合并消失。最后通过实际资料检验了方法的有效性和可靠性。     

滦河下游河道及三角洲地貌的近期演化

自20世纪80年代滦河上中游大型水库的修建以及下游农业用水量的激增,滦河下游水沙锐减。至桃林口水库修建后,滦河入海水量减至5.96亿m³/a,下泻泥沙减至2.43万t/a,滦河断流趋势日益严重。本文选择1979年至2007年多期遥感影像,探讨在大规模水资源开发影响下滦河下游河道及三角洲地貌的演化。结果表明:20世纪90年代以后滦河下游水沙量的大幅减少直接导致下游河道萎缩。由于上游水库的拦截以及下游河道搬运能力下降,入海泥沙量大幅减少几至断绝,致使滦河三角洲主汊道1984年改道后并未发育形成新的三角洲叶瓣,入海汊道由多汊萎缩为单汊,三角洲逐渐转入全面侵蚀阶段。     

青藏铁路沱沱河路段风沙危害特征及其动力环境分析

利用青藏铁路沿线沱沱河站详细的风况资料,结合风沙灾害的实地调查数据,在分析沙害特点、来源及其危害特征的基础上,从输沙强度、合成输沙势、起沙风玫瑰及其季节变化等方面对沱沱河路段风沙活动特点及其动力环境做了详细研究。沱沱河路段起沙风向具有明显的季节性,冬春季风向单一,主导风向为西风,持续时间较长。夏季东北风有所增加,出现短暂的多风向季节。年输沙势DP为705.81VU,属于高能风能环境。年方向变率（RDP/DP）为0.84,年合成输沙势RDP为590.42VU,合成输沙方向RDD为89.1°,合成输沙风向以西风为主。     

隧道塌方段施工方案优化及效果评价

对于隧道塌方地段,选取合适的施工方案是关键问题。结合乌竹岭隧道塌方工程实际条件,采用非线性有限元方法对两种施工方案进行模拟分析。计算结果表明,双侧壁导坑施工方案相对于上弧形导坑施工方案,能够更好地控制围岩位移、改善其受力状况、减小初期支护受力,且围岩破坏区范围较小,可见双侧壁导坑施工方案更适合于隧道塌方段的施工。通过现场监控量测分析,隧道断面净空收敛变形和拱顶下沉稳定速度较快,最终变形值较小,隧道主体稳固,没有任何变形,说明所选处治方案对抑制隧道塌方段效果良好