锡林郭勒典型草原植被高度和盖度对风吹雪的影响

采用野外调查与风雪流实测的方法对内蒙古锡林郭勒大针茅典型草场风雪流与植被高度、盖度的关系进行了研究.结果表明:随着草场退化程度的减轻和草场植被高度、盖度的增大,下垫面粗糙度、积雪厚度和积雪量呈增大趋势,而近地表风速、移雪强度与上层含雪量则呈下降趋势.移雪强度与距地表高度,积雪深度与植被高度,积雪深度与盖度间均符合指数函数关系.中度、轻度退化草场和封育草场的积雪深度分别是重度退化草场的1.7、3.1和5.2倍.随着退化程度的增加,风吹雪灾害形成的可能性增大.加强草原保护与建设,对减轻风吹雪危害和积蓄积雪资源具有重要作用.     

三线阵测绘卫星的偏流角改正问题

简要介绍了三线阵测绘卫星的基本工作原理,分析了偏流角产生的原因及其对三线阵相机立体摄影覆盖的影响,提出了采用对卫星进行偏航姿态控制以改正偏流角的策略,给出了对卫星姿态控制系统偏流角改正的控制精度要求,并对偏流角改正的有效性进行了评估.     

等深流作用机制和沉积的研究进展

等深流是大洋环境非常重要的动力学机制,其沉积蕴含了重要的古海洋学和古气候信息,对其进行解析是近些年国际海洋学、气候学的研究热点。等深流是顺陆坡走向流动的牵引流,其侵蚀—沉积效应取决于陆坡地貌、气候旋回等多种因素,认识等深流侵蚀—沉积的动力学规律是学术界关注的焦点之一,也具有重要的油气经济意义。探究等深流沉积的新类型、等深流沉积的形态和叠加—迁移型式,以及它们发育的背景和控制因素,也是近些年学术界和工业界关注的热点。确定等深流作用机制及其沉积响应的研究脉络,对凝聚研究方向和确定科研目标至关重要。     

Design of hail measurement networks*

Abstract

Hail and rain data collected in the National Hail Research Experiment's 1976 dense precipitation network have proved useful in defining the requirements of hail measuring networks. It is shown, at least for the hailstorm of 22 June 1976, that the primary maxima and minima of the spatial distribution of hail mass are revealed by a hailpad spacing of about 4 km, and that increasing detail obtains with smaller spacings until with spacings of 0.4 to 0.8 km finer scale features with dimensions of 1–3 km become defined. Monte‐Carlo and conventional statistical analysis show that the confidence limits on the errer in estimating the true hail mass for a storm increase approximately linearly with the mean spacing of hailpads. For the hailfall of 22 June 1976, there is 90% confidence that the true hail mass is estimated within ± 10% for a hailpad spacing of 1.7 km. Estimates of hail kinetic energy and number of hailstones of this accuracy require that hailpads be approximately 10–20% closer or farther apart, respectively. There is no simple numerical relation between the densities of hailpad and wedge raingauge networks covering the same area such that, if satisfied, the networks would then provide estimates of hail mass and total precipitation of the same accuracy for any storm. There is considerable daily variation in the size of hailswaths and in the spatial distribution of hail mass within them, pointing to the need for a climatological study of these aspects of hailfall to assess properly the requirements that a hail network must meet in a given region.     

Long-term behaviors of two versions of FGOALS2 in preindustrial control simulations with implications for 20th century simulations

Climate drift in preindustrial control (PICTL) simulations can lead to spurious climate trends and large uncertainties in historical and future climate simulations in coupled models. This study examined the long-term behaviors and stabilities of the PICTL simulations in the two versions of FGOALS2 (the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model Version 2), which have been submitted to the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). As verified by examining time series of thermal fields and their linear trends, the PICTL simulations showed stable long-term integration behaviors and no obvious climate drift [the magnitudes of linear trends of SST were both less than 0.04oC (100 yr)-1] over multiple centuries. The changed SSTs in a century (that corresponded to the linear trends) were less than the standard deviations of annual mean values, which implied the internal variability was not affected. These trend values were less than 10% of those of global averaged SST from observations and historical runs during the periods of slow and rapid warming. Such stable long-term integration behaviors reduced the uncertainty of the estimation of global warming rates in the historical and future climate projections in the two versions of FGOALS2. Compared with the trends in the Northern Hemisphere, larger trends existed in the SST and sea ice extents at the middle to high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere (SH). To estimate the historical and future climate trends in the SH or at some specific regions in FGOALS2, corrections needed to be carried out. The similar long-term behaviors in the two versions of FGOALS2 may be attributed to proper physical processes in the ocean model.     

An approximate solution of wave-modified Ekman current for gradually varying eddy viscosity

An approximate steady solution of the wave-modified Ekman current is presented for gradually varying eddy viscosity by using the WKB method with the variation of parameters technique. The parameters involved in the solution can be determined by the two-dimensional wavenumber spectrum of ocean waves, wind speed, the Coriolis parameter and the densities of air and water. The solution reduces to the exact solution when the eddy viscosity is taken as a constant. As illustrative examples, for a fully developed wind-generated sea with different wind speeds and a few proposed gradually varying eddy viscosities, the current profiles calculated from the approximate solutions are compared with those of the exact solutions or numerical ones by using the Donelan and Pierson wavenumber spectrum, the WAM wave model formulation for wind input energy to waves, and wave energy dissipation converted to currents. It is shown that the approximate solution presented has an elegant form and yet would be valid for any given gradually varying eddy viscosity. The applicability of the solution method to the real ocean is discussed following the comparisons with published observational data and with the results from a large eddy simulation of the Ekman layer.     

大亚湾春秋季鱼类种类组成及年龄结构分析

2006年4月和9月对大亚湾海域通过拖网和流刺网捕获的鱼类进行初步调查.结果表明,渔获物中出现18目76科135属200种鱼类,其中软骨鱼纲4目5科5属6种,占调查鱼类总种数的3.0%;硬骨鱼纲14目71科130属194种,占调查鱼类总种数的97.0%.根据其适温类型可分为暖水性种、暖温性种和冷温性种,其中暖水性鱼类有183种,占总种数的91.5%;暖温性鱼类有16种,占总种数的8.0%;冷温性鱼类仅有1种,占总种数的0.5%.渔获物中底层和近底层鱼类占多数,其中,底层鱼类共有74种,占总种数的37.0%;近底层鱼类共有68种,占总种数的34.0%;中上层鱼类共有45种,占总种数的22.5%;岩礁鱼类有13种,占总种数的6.5%.大亚湾鱼类的年龄普遍偏低,以1 a龄鱼为主.与相邻海区鱼类区系特征比较,大亚湾海域具有我国热带和亚热带性海湾的鱼类区系特征.     

亚纯函数f（z）的微分多项式φ（z）f（z）P（f）（z）的值分布

设k∈N，f（z）为复平面上的超越亚纯函数，φ（z）、ak-1（z），…，a0（z）为f（z）的小函数，且φ（z）≠0．置P（f）（z）=f^（k）（z）＋ak-1（z），f^（k-1）（z）＋…＋a1（z）f（z）＋a0，（z），且P（f）（z）不恒为常数．当k≤4时，满足Nr）（r，1/f）=S（r，f）；k≥5，满足N4）（r，1/f）=S（r，f），则T（r，f）〈20N^-（r，1/φfP-1）＋s（r，f）．     

软流圈气体压力和洋板自重驱动海底扩张

基于地幔软流圈不断产生高温气体的事实和气体压力随密度和温度而变的特性，提出：洋板（海洋岩石圈部分）随其下高温气体积聚增压而逐渐上隆，最后会从弯张应力最大的中部断裂并弹性回缩；熔岩随气体喷出楔入裂缝，使洋板保持拱隆状并使其下气体压力骤降；洋板因自重下沉并产生巨大推力，使相邻大陆向两旁分离或将洋板边缘推入软流圈而熔融；楔入的熔岩形成新洋板和密闭条件使高能气体又重新积聚，旧洋板向两旁推移。这一过程的往复进行即形成海底扩张和大陆漂移。并认为陆板（大陆岩石圈部分）薄化是使其分裂而开始海底扩张的原因。由概化力学模型进行验算所得的洋脊隆起高度、洋脊隆起形状、洋脊在水平面上的分布规律和海底扩张的运动规律等，都与实际情况相符。     

On the Hill stability in the general problem of three finite bodies

We construct zero-kinetic-energy surfaces and determine the regions where motion is possible. We show that for bodies with finite sizes, there are bounded regions of space within which a three-body system never breaks up. The Hill stability criterion is established.