KSS31M型海洋重力仪在动、静态条件下观测到的读数变化及分析

2002年中国科学院海洋研究所从德国引进了KSS31M型海洋重力仪．为对该重力仪的工作性能有详细的了解,分别在德国重力仪生产厂实验室、中国科学院海洋研究所重力仪实验室进行了静态的定点观测,将重力仪安装在考察船上在黄埔江渔政码头等地进行了动态条件下的定点观测．动、静态的定点观测发现了多种规律性的重力仪读数变化,分析认为这些规律性的读数变化分别是重力仪的随机振荡、月潮的重力效应、海潮的重力效应和重力仪的线性漂移．它们各自有着不同的变化规律,并在海洋重力观测时总是同时存在．重力仪的随机振荡是重力仪自身固有的,其振荡幅度随外界条件的变化而变化,一般为0．04mGal～0．5mGal,周期为2～5min不等,在德国的重力仪厂家实验室和中国科学院海洋研究所重力实验室中观测到了月潮引起的重力变化,其变化幅度为0．2mGal．月潮引起的重力变化和海潮引起的重力变化同步,但相位相反．本文指出,仪器的月漂往往很难精确判定,本文用多种方法计算得到的仪器月漂在1．2mGal到2．3mGal之间．     

饱和悬浮塑料砂流动变形可视环剪试验研究

为了分析剪切条件下零有效应力状态砂土的流动变形规律,对传统环剪仪进行了试样可视化改造,研制了透明环形剪切盒,通过对剪切盒膨胀性能分析及与标准砂的剪切试验对比,验证了环剪装置改造的合理性。通过分析不排水条件下饱和悬浮塑料砂的剪应力-应变曲线,发现其剪切强度具有应变软化的特性。通过分析环剪仪中饱和悬浮塑料砂试样的有效应力,证实了可视环剪试验中的土体基本处于零有效应力状态。开展了饱和悬浮塑料砂的流动变形可视环剪试验研究,结果表明：饱和悬浮塑料砂在固结不排水条件下剪切变形不连续,直接在剪切面发生断裂;在不固结不排水的条件下饱和悬浮塑料砂的剪切变形表现出流动形态,且与剪切速率有关：在低剪切速率下,剪切变形仅在剪切面处形成具有曲线轨迹的流动变形而在其他区域不发生变形;而在高剪切速率下剪切变形为整体的倾斜变形,符合黏性流体的流动变形特征。     

HY-2卫星扫描微波辐射计数据反演北极海冰漂移速度

本文基于最大互相关法,利用海洋二号（HY-2）卫星扫描微波辐射计37 GHz通道多时相垂直极化亮温数据,获取了北极海冰漂移速度。采用2012年和2013年国际北极浮标计划海冰现场观测数据,对利用微波辐射计亮温资料反演的冬季北极海冰漂移速度进行了定量验证,结果表明:流速和流向均方根误差分别为1.12 cm/s和16.37°,从一定程度上说明了HY-2卫星扫描微波辐射计亮温数据反演海冰漂移速度的可行性。此外,使用美国国防气象卫星F-17搭载的专用微波成像仪91 GHz通道垂直极化亮温,采用高斯拉普拉斯滤波方法进行处理,结合最大互相关法反演的海冰漂移速度,优于法国海洋开发研究院海冰漂移速度产品。     

台风“莫拉菲”潜热的数值模拟研究

WRF天气研究和预报模式是新一代中尺度数值预报模式,本文采用最细2公里的网格距对台风“莫拉菲”内核的宏观、微观以及潜热过程进行数值模拟。通过对台风路径、风速大小、降水形态以及内核热力和动力结构的验证,证实了单向六参数WSM6方案的合理性。本文通过计算台风过程中的潜热加热率,揭示了总潜热主要来源于0℃层以下的凝结潜热和0℃层以上的凝华潜热。证实了与霰有关的云微物理过程是对总潜热贡献最重要的因子。除此之外,在本次台风“莫拉菲”的模拟中,其他重要的潜热贡献因子分别是水汽凝结成云水、云冰的凝华增长、雪的凝华增长、云冰的初始化、霰的凝华增长、云水被雪和霰收集、云水和雨水的蒸发、雪的升华、霰的升华、霰的融化以及云冰的升华。总体而言,本文模拟的潜热加热率廓线和TRMM卫星的廓线基本一致,尽管具体数值略有不同。     

Boris Choubert: The forgotten fit of the circum-Atlantic continents

Boris Choubert was a strong supporter of Wegener's continental drift theory. In 1935, he published a very accurate fit of the circum-Atlantic continents, which was based on continental edges instead of coastlines; in the same paper, he interpreted the Palaeozoic belts as the result of horizontal movements of the Precambrian blocks; so, he greatly expanded the role of continental drift through time. This original and very prophetic work was almost completely ignored by his contemporaries. Thirty years later (1965), Bullard, Everett and Smith published in turn a similar but more sophisticated fit; they did not acknowledge Choubert's initial work. Bullard's fit was met with immediate and tremendous success. The present paper analyses the reasons why Boris Choubert was frustrated of his pioneering role. This lack of recognition is related to: (1) a great evolution in the geological concepts between 1935 and 1965, and (2) a poor choice of Choubert, regarding the title of his 1935 article.     

Early Cenozoic rapid flight enigma of the Indian subcontinent resolved: Roles of topographic top loading and subcrustal erosion

Intrinsic magmatic processes are considered as critical operators of plate movements. Here we demonstrate the role of extrinsic processes consequent to intrinsic processes as a catalyst for anomalous rapid plate movement. The rapid and accelerated flight of the Indian subcontinent since Deccan volcanism until its collision with Eurasia remains as one of the geological conundrums. Data on seismic tomography, peninsular geomorphology and inferences on continuum of subcrustal structures are utilized to address this enigma. We propose geomorphic isostasy as the mechanism that has driven this fastest drift ever recorded in geological history. It was initiated by sudden instability after the Deccan volcanism and resultant extensive accumulation of lava pile over continental lithosphere of northern India, northern-eastern tilt due to crustal thickness heterogeneity and subcrustal thermal stratification. The drift was sustained by Carlsberg and Central Indian ridge-push until collision and sediment top loading at northeast thenceforth. These inferences and geomorphic isostasy as a catalytic mechanism necessitate variability of drift rates as integral inputs for any continental scale modeling.     

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An improvement to linear‐elastic procedures for seismic performance assessment

An improved linear‐elastic analysis procedure is developed in this paper as a simple approximate method for displacement‐based seismic assessment of the existing buildings. The procedure is mainly based on reducing the stiffness of structural members that are expected to respond in the inelastic range in a single global iteration step. Modal spectral displacement demands are determined from the equal displacement rule. Response predictions obtained from the proposed procedure are evaluated comparatively by using the results of benchmark nonlinear response history analysis, and both the conventional and the multi‐mode pushover analyses. In comparative evaluations, a twelve‐story RC plane frame and a six‐story unsymmetrical‐plan RC frame are employed by using 91 ground motion components. It is observed that the proposed procedure estimates the flexural deformation demands in deformation‐controlled members and the shear forces in force‐controlled members with reasonable accuracy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高台地震台钻孔应变观测资料的分析

对高台地震台2008—2012年的YRY-4分量钻孔应变观测资料进行处理与分析,结果显示:高台台YRY-4分量钻孔应变仪运行良好,产出的观测数据连续、稳定、可靠;各个分量应变潮汐因子及相位变化相对稳定,相对误差较小,符合地壳形变观测技术规范要求;各个分量应变观测数据具有明显的周期特性和同向漂移变化。     

A method for computing interstory drift spectra with consideration of gravity effects

Vertical loads such as gravity may have an important influence on the seismic response of buildings. In this paper, the continuous shear-beam model is extended to study the seismic demand of shear buildings with consideration of the gravity load effect under near-field ground motions. An analytical solution of the free motion equation of as gravity shear beam model is provided in terms of a Bessel series. A method for computing interstory drift spectra is proposed. The interstory drift spectra for two near-field records with distinct pulses are presented to illustrate the effects of gravity and the damping ratio. The interstory drift spectra are also used to analyze the spectral characteristics of near fault ground motion during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. The effects of the gravity load ratio, damping ratio and higher modes are investigated and discussed.